本文選題：司法改革 + 自由心證��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：法官心證公開是現(xiàn)代自由心證的基本要求,是現(xiàn)代訴訟制度發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物,是現(xiàn)代法治思想的重要組成部分。本文本著“讓人民群眾在每一個司法個案中都感受到公平正義”的司法改革目標(biāo)和“讓權(quán)力在陽光下運(yùn)行”的司法改革理念,從最廣義的角度對法官心證公開進(jìn)行理解,認(rèn)為在司法改革視角下,法官心證公開在公開時間、公開地點、公開對象、公開內(nèi)容等方面都應(yīng)當(dāng)具有最廣義的含義,即法官自立案后接觸案件之日始至本案當(dāng)事人權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系完全消滅之日止乃至消滅之后的合理期間內(nèi),對于案件事實的認(rèn)定、證據(jù)的審查所形成的內(nèi)心確信,以及在事實認(rèn)定和證據(jù)審查的基礎(chǔ)上所形成的法律見解,應(yīng)當(dāng)適時適當(dāng)?shù)叵虍?dāng)事人、利害關(guān)系人以及社會公眾公開。這一最廣義的定義雖然與傳統(tǒng)的法官心證公開理論有所抵牾,但卻契合了我國現(xiàn)階段司法改革“構(gòu)建陽光司法機(jī)制”的要求。在司法改革視角下,我國法官心證公開出現(xiàn)了運(yùn)行不暢、心證公開能力下降、心證公開范圍被限縮等問題。為了解決這些問題,實現(xiàn)法官心證公開與當(dāng)下司法改革制度之間的相互融合和適應(yīng),本文嘗試提出了“以革新傳統(tǒng)心證公開理論為邏輯起點,以推動心證公開制度化和常態(tài)化為制度保障,以多渠道培養(yǎng)和提高法官心證公開能力為關(guān)鍵步驟”的體系構(gòu)建之設(shè)想。具體而言,本文將從以下四個方面具體展開:第一部分,心證公開的歷史發(fā)展。文章首先對基礎(chǔ)概念進(jìn)行詮釋和辨析,厘清心證公開與司法公開、裁判文書公開、判決理由公開以及法官釋明權(quán)之間的關(guān)系。心證公開的前身——傳統(tǒng)自由心證——的確立依托于特定的時代背景,是一種歷史必然。自由心證確立初期,在肯定法官自由裁量權(quán)、推動證明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變革、促進(jìn)訴訟觀念革新等方面具有積極意義,但是在司法實踐中被濫用從而損害法律可預(yù)測性、弱化司法公信力等弊端也不斷凸顯。為了克服以上弊端,以心證公開為基本標(biāo)志的現(xiàn)代自由心證應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。心證公開的目的具有多元性,它以限制法官自由裁量權(quán)、實現(xiàn)心證客觀化為直接目的,以防止突襲裁判、維護(hù)司法權(quán)威為間接目的,以發(fā)現(xiàn)案件客觀真實、防止冤假錯案為基本目的,以保障當(dāng)事人的程序主體地位為根本目的,其理論基礎(chǔ)包括人權(quán)保障理論、程序正義理論以及司法參于理論。雖然心證公開在我國的道路并不平坦,理論的分歧和立法態(tài)度的模糊是阻礙其發(fā)展的桎梏,但是心證公開也在司法改革的浪潮中迎來了前所未有的發(fā)展契機(jī)。第二部分,心證公開在司法改革時代的問題分析。通過深入研究,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn):在司法改革的諸多舉措中,審判中心主義導(dǎo)致法官心證公開的范圍被限縮,終身責(zé)任制下法官心證公開運(yùn)行不暢;員額制導(dǎo)致法官心證公開能力下降。心證公開是現(xiàn)代法治不可拋棄的重要原則,司法改革是當(dāng)代中國勢在必行的舉措,因此在分別分析了出現(xiàn)上述問題的原因之后,如何實現(xiàn)二者的調(diào)整和革新以相互適應(yīng)并行不悖,成為本文的核心任務(wù)。第三部分,心證公開的域外經(jīng)驗及其啟示。美、法、德、日等典型國家以及我國臺灣地區(qū)對心證公開立法抉擇和司法實踐啟示我們,要消除司法改革視角下法官心證公開與諸多制度之間的齟齬,可以參考借鑒以下經(jīng)驗:建立一套相對統(tǒng)一和完善的心證公開理論,并且理論以服務(wù)于實踐為宗旨;立法上將心證公開作為一項法定制度或者基本原則,并且在刑事訴訟和民事訴訟領(lǐng)域都適用;法官心證公開具有法定范圍,并且在這些范圍內(nèi)的心證公開是法官的一項法律義務(wù);法官心證公開強(qiáng)調(diào)法官與當(dāng)事人的協(xié)作與互動,并且與法官釋明權(quán)以及判決理由公開相區(qū)別。第四部分,司法改革視角下法官心證公開的體系構(gòu)建。本部分是文章的核心,著重探討如何構(gòu)建一套能夠有效化解我國司法改革和法官心證公開之間的矛盾的新體系。本文從邏輯起點、制度保障和關(guān)鍵步驟三個層層遞進(jìn)的方面進(jìn)行探索,以期從理論、制度和實踐三個方面構(gòu)建一套符合司法規(guī)律且與司法實踐相得益彰的心證公開體系。首先,革新傳統(tǒng)心證公開理論是邏輯起點,這需要我們對心證公開的理論進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新,在統(tǒng)一心證公開適用的訴訟領(lǐng)域的前提下,實現(xiàn)心證公開在司法改革視角下的“四化”,即公開范圍擴(kuò)大化、公開主體精細(xì)化、公開內(nèi)容類型化、公開方式多元化。其次,推動心證公開制度化和常態(tài)化是制度保障,這需要我們對司法改革具體措施進(jìn)行局部調(diào)試,甚至需要建立新的制度。具體而言,包括確立心證公開為民事訴訟基本原則、完善法官職業(yè)保障機(jī)制、建立心證公開激勵與懲戒機(jī)制等。最后,多渠道培養(yǎng)和提高法官心證公開的能力是關(guān)鍵步驟。在基礎(chǔ)理論完備、客觀條件充分的前提下,主觀方面的法官心證公開能力的強(qiáng)弱和水平的高低成為決定心證公開機(jī)制能否在司法改革時期順暢運(yùn)行的關(guān)鍵。為此,本文認(rèn)為可從創(chuàng)新優(yōu)秀法官選任制度、建立法官心證公開能力評估體系、各法院成立心證公開指導(dǎo)與交流會議、細(xì)化法官助理與主審法官的職能分工等方面進(jìn)行探索。
[Abstract]:The openness of the judge's heart and evidence is the basic requirement of the modern freedom of mind. It is the product of the development of modern litigation system and an important part of the modern rule of law. From the point of view of the most broad sense, we understand the public of the judge's heart and evidence. In the view of the judicial reform, the open time, the public place, the public object and the public content should have the most broad meaning in the perspective of the judicial reform, that is, the date of the judge's contact with the case from the case to the case from the beginning of the case to the day of the complete elimination of the rights and obligations of the parties in the case. Within a reasonable period after the end and after the elimination, the belief in the fact of the case, the inner conviction formed by the examination of the evidence, and the legal opinions formed on the basis of the fact finding and the evidence review should be properly and properly disclosed to the parties, the interested parties and the public. The public theory of the judge's heart and evidence is contradictory, but it conforms to the requirement of "constructing the sunshine judicial mechanism" at the present stage of judicial reform in our country. In the perspective of judicial reform, the public evidence of the judges in our country has problems such as poor operation, the decline of the ability to open the evidence and the limits of the open scope of the evidence, and so on. With the integration and adaptation of the current judicial reform system, this paper attempts to put forward the idea of "taking the innovation of the traditional evidence public theory as the logical starting point, promoting the institutionalization and normalization of the open heart card as the institutional guarantee, cultivating and improving the ability of the judge's heart to open the key as the key step". This article will be carried out from the following four aspects: the first part, the historical development of the open heart syndrome. The article first interprets and discriminate the basic concepts, clarifies the relationship between the open heart and the judicature, the public of the referee, the public of the judgment and the interpretation of the judge. Depending on the specific background of the times, it is a historical necessity. In the early stage of the establishment of freedom of mind, it was positive in affirming the discretion of the judge, promoting the reform of the standard of proof, and promoting the innovation of the concept of litigation, but it was abused in judicial practice to damage the predictability of the law and weaken the public trust of the judiciary. In order to overcome the above malpractice, the modern free heart certificate, which is the basic symbol of the public evidence, has emerged as the times require. The purpose of the open heart evidence is pluralistic. It is to restrict the discretion of the judge and realize the objective of the evidence, in order to prevent the attack of the referee and safeguard the judicial authority, to find the objective truth of the case, and to prevent the false and false case. For the basic purpose, the fundamental purpose is to guarantee the status of the subject of the procedure of the parties. Its theoretical basis includes the theory of human rights protection, the theory of procedural justice and the theory of judicial reference. Although the road of the open heart is not flat in our country, the disagreement of the theory and the ambiguity of the legislative attitude are the shackles that impede its development, but the open heart of the heart is also in the Department. In the wave of law reform, the unprecedented opportunity for development is ushered in. The second part is the analysis of the problems in the era of judicial reform. Through in-depth study, we can find that in many measures of the judicial reform, the trial centralism leads to the limit of the open range of the judge's heart and evidence, and the open operation of the judge's heart card under the system of lifelong responsibility is not open. The post system leads to a decline in the ability of the judges to be open to the public. The open heart card is an important principle that the modern rule of law can not be abandoned. The judicial reform is a necessary measure in contemporary China. Therefore, after the analysis of the reasons for the above problems, how to realize the adjustment of the two parties and to adapt to each other is the core of this article. The third part, the extraterritorial experience and Its Enlightenment from the open heart card. The typical countries of the United States, France, Germany, Japan and other typical countries, as well as the legislative choice and judicial practice of the open heart evidence in Taiwan, we should eliminate the discord between the public and many systems in the perspective of judicial reform, and can refer to the following experience: to establish a set of relative experiences The unity and perfection of the theory of open heart evidence, and the theory to serve the practice as its purpose; the legislative General of heart evidence as a legal system or basic principle, and applicable in the field of criminal and civil litigation; the public evidence of a judge has a legal scope, and the open heart of the heart is a legal meaning of the judge in these areas. The judge's heart certificate publicly emphasizes the cooperation and interaction between the judge and the parties, and is different from the judge's interpretation right and the reason for the judgment. The fourth part, the system construction of the judge's heart and evidence open from the perspective of judicial reform. This part is the core of the article, and focuses on how to build a set of effective solutions to our judicial reform and the heart of the judge. A new system of contradiction between the public and the public is explored in this paper from three layers of progressive aspects: logical starting point, system guarantee and key step, in order to build a set of heart evidence open body which is consistent with the law of theory, system and practice in three aspects, which is consistent with judicial practice. First, the innovation of the traditional theory of open heart evidence is logic. Starting point, this requires us to innovate the theory of open heart evidence. Under the premise of unifying the applicable field of litigation, we can realize the "four modernizations" in the perspective of judicial reform, that is, the enlargement of public scope, the refinement of public subjects, the type of open content, and the diversification of public ways. Secondly, to promote the institutionalization of the open heart. And normalization is the system guarantee, which requires us to make local adjustment to the concrete measures of judicial reform and even establish a new system. In particular, it includes the establishment of the basic principles of the public evidence public as the basic principle of civil litigation, the improvement of the professional guarantee mechanism of the judge, the establishment of the public incentive and punishment mechanism of the heart card, and so on. Finally, the multi-channel training and improvement of the judge's heart The ability to be open is the key step. Under the premise of complete basic theory and sufficient objective conditions, the key to determine whether the open mechanism of the open heart is open in the period of judicial reform is the key to deciding whether the open mechanism of the heart card is open in the period of judicial reform. The evaluation system of the public ability of the official heart certificate, the court set up the open guidance and exchange meeting of the heart card, and make the exploration of the division of the function of the judge assistant and the judge.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D926.2

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本文編號：2022263