英語專業(yè)四、八級考試反撥作用研究
本文關(guān)鍵詞:英語專業(yè)四、八級考試反撥作用研究,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
【摘要】:測試,尤其是大規(guī)模、高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的測試,往往會對教與學(xué)產(chǎn)生影響,這種影響就是反撥作用。高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)四、八級考試(TEM)是針對英語專業(yè)本科學(xué)生進(jìn)行的英語水平測試,作為一門全國性的重要考試,它必然會對本科英語專業(yè)的教與學(xué)產(chǎn)生一定影響。 本研究采用多元化的研究方法,分步驟分階段地研究TEM的反撥作用。通過問卷調(diào)查、課堂觀察、訪談等多種研究手段對英語高等教育領(lǐng)域的專家、參考院校的學(xué)科負(fù)責(zé)人、教師和考生進(jìn)行調(diào)查,了解他們對TEM的熟悉程度、評價(jià),對TEM反撥作用的認(rèn)識,以及TEM對他們的英語教學(xué)產(chǎn)生了何種影響。本研究主要回答以下三個(gè)研究問題。第一,引起TEM反撥作用的因素有哪些?第二,TEM的反撥作用體現(xiàn)在哪些方面?第三,對TEM反撥作用的研究會為TEM改革和高校英語專業(yè)教學(xué)改革提供哪些建議? 本研究借鑒了以往的反撥作用研究理論模型和實(shí)證研究成果,并在此基礎(chǔ)之上提出了TEM反撥作用模型,用來指導(dǎo)本研究。根據(jù)此模型,本研究可以分為四個(gè)階段。第一階段,通過文獻(xiàn)回顧,,對高等學(xué)校英語教學(xué)大綱、TEM考試大綱以及其他相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行分析,總結(jié)歸納已有的TEM以及反撥作用研究成果,對TEM可能產(chǎn)生的反撥作用獲得一定的感性認(rèn)識。第二階段,設(shè)計(jì)問卷并在全國范圍內(nèi)展開對專家、學(xué)科負(fù)責(zé)人、教師和學(xué)生的調(diào)查,了解他們對TEM的認(rèn)識及評價(jià),以及TEM對他們的影響。通過這些大規(guī)模的問卷調(diào)查,筆者對TEM的反撥作用的有了一個(gè)整體印象。第三階段,根據(jù)問卷調(diào)查結(jié)果有針對性地選擇英語專業(yè)教學(xué)課堂進(jìn)行課堂觀察,調(diào)查TEM對課堂教學(xué)的影響,這有助于筆者了解TEM反撥作用在課堂上的真實(shí)體現(xiàn)。第四階段,根據(jù)以上研究結(jié)果,有針對性地選擇研究對象進(jìn)行訪談,通過訪談?wù)业窖芯窟^程中出現(xiàn)問題和疑點(diǎn)的答案。 本研究的主要研究成果可總結(jié)如下。首先,大部分受訪者對TEM的熟悉程度都很高,但是對TEM口試以及TEM評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的熟悉程度相對較低。第二,受訪者對TEM的評價(jià)以正面為主,正面評價(jià)遠(yuǎn)多于負(fù)面評價(jià),尤其是對TEM考試內(nèi)容和方法的評價(jià),相比較而言,TEM的施考和TEM的成績報(bào)告滿意度較低。第三, TEM反撥作用的評價(jià)正面大于負(fù)面,多數(shù)受訪者認(rèn)為TEM實(shí)現(xiàn)了考試大綱中提出的測試目標(biāo)。第四,TEM成績的使用多數(shù)符合考試大綱中的規(guī)定,但是考試成績的誤用仍然存在,如通過考試成績來給院校排名、考核教師、授予學(xué)位和招聘員工。受訪者對這些誤用的態(tài)度模棱兩可,有近半數(shù)受訪者贊同使用TEM成績來做出這些決策。第五,TEM對參考院校的課程設(shè)置產(chǎn)生了一定的反撥作用,主要體現(xiàn)在TEM備考課程的開設(shè)和TEM相關(guān)課程的設(shè)置上,但是TEM對參考院校的課程設(shè)置影響不大,多數(shù)TEM備考課程不超過半學(xué)期。第六,TEM對英語專業(yè)課堂教學(xué)有一定影響,主要體現(xiàn)在以下三方面。一是教學(xué)內(nèi)容往往以TEM考試內(nèi)容為主;二是課堂教學(xué)形式往往以教師講授為主;三是課堂交流更多采用中文,無論是學(xué)生還是老師都是如此。第七,盡管TEM對高校英語教學(xué)產(chǎn)生了反撥作用,TEM并沒有主導(dǎo)英語教學(xué)效果,與教師素質(zhì)、學(xué)生努力程度等因素相比,TEM對英語專業(yè)教學(xué)效果的影響是非常有限的。 最后,筆者通過對本研究結(jié)果的分析闡述,提出了對TEM改革以及高校英語專業(yè)教學(xué)改革的一些建議,如對TEM的考試內(nèi)容、考試手段以及施考方式進(jìn)行改進(jìn);加強(qiáng)命題者與考試使用者之間的交流;充分利用TEM的反饋信息,為英語專業(yè)教學(xué)改革提供建議等。
【關(guān)鍵詞】:高等學(xué)校英語專業(yè)等級考試 反撥作用 英語專業(yè)教學(xué)
【學(xué)位授予單位】:上海外國語大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2014
【分類號】:H310.42
【目錄】:
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS4-5
- Abstract5-7
- 摘要7-9
- List of Acronyms9-11
- List of Figures11-12
- List of Tables12-21
- Chapter One Introduction21-29
- 1.1 Background of the research21-24
- 1.1.1 Washback effects21-23
- 1.1.2 TEM23-24
- 1.1.3 Washback effects of TEM24
- 1.2 Significance of the research24-26
- 1.2.1 Theoretical significance25
- 1.2.2 Practical significance25
- 1.2.3 Reference values25-26
- 1.3 Stages of the research26-27
- 1.4 Outline of the dissertation27-29
- Chapter Two Literature Review29-54
- 2.1 Definitions of washback29-32
- 2.1.1 Washback or backwash29-30
- 2.1.2 Different terms used30-31
- 2.1.3 Washback and Validity31-32
- 2.2 Dimensions of washback32-34
- 2.2.1 Direction32
- 2.2.2 Extent32-33
- 2.2.3 Intensity33
- 2.2.4 Intentionality33-34
- 2.2.5 Length34
- 2.2.6 Specificity34
- 2.3 Theoretical frameworks for washback studies34-39
- 2.3.1 Alderson and Wall’s Washback Hypotheses35-36
- 2.3.2 Hughes’ Washback Trichotomy36-37
- 2.3.3 Bailey’s Basic Model of Washback37-38
- 2.3.4 Green’s Washback Model38-39
- 2.4 Empirical studies on washback39-46
- 2.4.1 Summary of empirical studies40-45
- 2.4.2 A critique of approaches in washback studies45-46
- 2.5 Framework for TEM washback study46-51
- 2.5.1 Contributing factors to TEM washback47-48
- 2.5.2 TEM washback mechanism48-49
- 2.5.3 Several terms redefined49-51
- 2.5.3.1 TEM test construct49
- 2.5.3.2 TEM test characteristics49-50
- 2.5.3.3 Overlap50
- 2.5.3.4 Positive and negative washback50-51
- 2.6 Summary51-54
- Chapter Three An Overview of TEM54-71
- 3.1 The educational system in China54-56
- 3.2 The history of TEM56-62
- 3.2.1 The launch of TEM56-57
- 3.2.2 The development of TEM57-59
- 3.2.3 The soaring test population59-60
- 3.2.4 Research on TEM60-62
- 3.3 TEM test characteristics62-66
- 3.3.1 TEM test purpose62-63
- 3.3.2 TEM test content and format63-64
- 3.3.3 TEM administration and marking64-65
- 3.3.4 TEM test score report and interpretation65-66
- 3.4 TEM test characteristics vs. the Teaching Syllabus66-70
- 3.4.1 The Teaching Syllabus66-67
- 3.4.2 A comparison between the Teaching Syllabus and TEM characteristics67-70
- 3.5 Summary70-71
- Chapter Four Research Methodology71-119
- 4.1 Overall research framework71-76
- 4.1.1 Research questions71-74
- 4.1.2 Research design74-76
- 4.2 Participants76-77
- 4.3 Instruments77-109
- 4.3.1 Research design for the questionnaire surveys77-104
- 4.3.1.1 The survey questionnaires77-80
- 4.3.1.2 Data collection80-81
- 4.3.1.3 Data analysis81-104
- 4.3.2 Classroom observations104-108
- 4.3.2.1 English classrooms observed105-106
- 4.3.2.2 Teachers observed106
- 4.3.2.3 The observation scheme106-107
- 4.3.2.4 Data collection107-108
- 4.3.3 Interviews108-109
- 4.4 Considerations for validity and reliability109-117
- 4.4.1 The development of research instruments110-112
- 4.4.1.1 The questionnaires110-111
- 4.4.1.2 The classroom observation scheme111-112
- 4.4.1.3 The interview questions112
- 4.4.2 Data collection and analysis112-116
- 4.4.2.1 The questionnaire surveys113-114
- 4.4.2.2 The classroom observations114-116
- 4.4.2.3 The interviews116
- 4.4.3 Triangulation116-117
- 4.4.3.1 Data triangulation117
- 4.4.3.2 Methodological triangulation117
- 4.5 Summary117-119
- Chapter Five Stakeholders’ perceptions of TEM and its washback119-168
- 5.1 Experts’ perceptions119-122
- 5.1.1 Demographic information119-120
- 5.1.2 Experts’ evaluation of TEM120-121
- 5.1.2.1 TEM characteristics120
- 5.1.2.2 Use and interpretation of TEM scores120-121
- 5.1.3 Experts’ perception of TEM washback121-122
- 5.1.4 Factors influencing teaching outcome122
- 5.2 Program administrators’ perceptions122-135
- 5.2.1 Demographic information122-123
- 5.2.2 Program administrators’ evaluation of TEM123-129
- 5.2.2.1 Familiarity with TEM123-125
- 5.2.2.2 Evaluation of TEM test quality125-127
- 5.2.2.3 Use and interpretation of TEM scores127-129
- 5.2.3 Program administrators’ perception of TEM washback129-130
- 5.2.4 Washback on course design130-133
- 5.2.5 Individual differences133-134
- 5.2.6 Factors influencing teaching outcome134-135
- 5.3 Teachers’ perceptions135-145
- 5.3.1 Demographic information135-136
- 5.3.2 Teachers’ evaluation of TEM136-139
- 5.3.2.1 Familiarity with TEM136-137
- 5.3.2.2 Evaluation of TEM test quality137-138
- 5.3.2.3 Use and interpretation of TEM scores138-139
- 5.3.3 Teachers’ perception of TEM washback139-140
- 5.3.4 Washback on classroom teaching140-143
- 5.3.4.1 TEM preparation classes140-142
- 5.3.4.2 Washback from TEM revision142-143
- 5.3.5 Individual differences143-144
- 5.3.6 Factors influencing teaching outcome144-145
- 5.4 Students’ perceptions145-159
- 5.4.1 Demographic information145-146
- 5.4.2 Students’ evaluation of TEM146-150
- 5.4.2.1 Familiarity with TEM146-147
- 5.4.2.2 Evaluation of TEM147-149
- 5.4.2.3 Use and interpretation of TEM results149-150
- 5.4.3 Students’ perception of TEM washback150-151
- 5.4.4 TEM preparation151-156
- 5.4.4.1 In-class learning152-154
- 5.4.4.2 After-class learning154-156
- 5.4.5 Learning effects156-157
- 5.4.6 Individual differences157-158
- 5.4.7 Factors influencing learning outcome158-159
- 5.5 Triangulation159-166
- 5.5.1 Data triangulation159-163
- 5.5.1.1 Familiarity with TEM159-160
- 5.5.1.2 Evaluation of TEM160
- 5.5.1.3 Use and interpretation of TEM scores160-161
- 5.5.1.4 Introduction of TEM preparation courses161-162
- 5.5.1.5 Activities conducted in TEM preparation classrooms162-163
- 5.5.1.6 Factors influencing teaching and learning outcome163
- 5.5.2 Methodological triangulation163-166
- 5.5.2.1 Closed vs. open-ended questionnaire responses164-165
- 5.5.2.2 Questionnaire vs. interview findings165-166
- 5.6 Summary166-168
- Chapter Six Classroom Practice and the Washback of TEM168-193
- 6.1 The teachers observed168-169
- 6.2 The English classes observed169-170
- 6.3 Characteristics of English classroom practice170-178
- 6.3.1 Teaching content171-174
- 6.3.2 Teaching methods174-178
- 6.3.2.1 Classroom activities organized174-175
- 6.3.2.2 English used in classrooms175
- 6.3.2.3 Features of teacher-student interaction175-177
- 6.3.2.4 Classroom atmosphere177-178
- 6.4 TEM preparation classes vs. non-preparation classes178-183
- 6.4.1 Teaching content178-179
- 6.4.2 Teaching methods179-183
- 6.4.2.1 Classroom activities organized179-180
- 6.4.2.2 English used in class180-182
- 6.4.2.3 Features of teacher-student interaction182
- 6.4.2.4 Classroom atmosphere182-183
- 6.5 Other factors affecting classroom practice183-188
- 6.5.1 English used in class183-185
- 6.5.2 Features of teacher-student interaction185-187
- 6.5.3 Classroom atmosphere187-188
- 6.6 Triangulation188-191
- 6.6.1 Classroom observation findings vs. questionnaire findings188-189
- 6.6.1.1 Teaching content in TEM preparation and non-preparation classes188-189
- 6.6.1.2 Other factors influencing classroom practice189
- 6.6.2 Classroom observation findings vs. interview findings189-190
- 6.6.3 Classroom observation findings vs. document analysis190-191
- 6.7 Summary191-193
- Chapter Seven Conclusions and Implications193-206
- 7.1 Summary of the major findings193-196
- 7.1.1 Washback effects perceived by experts193-194
- 7.1.2 Washback effects perceived by program administrators194
- 7.1.3 Washback effects perceived by teachers194-195
- 7.1.4 Washback effects perceived by students195
- 7.1.5 Washback effects on English classrooms195-196
- 7.2 Implications for the reform196-203
- 7.2.1 Implications for TEM reform196-201
- 7.2.1.1 TEM test content and method196-197
- 7.2.1.2 TEM test administration197-199
- 7.2.1.3 Communication between TEM test developers and TEM users199-201
- 7.2.2 Implications for the reform of teaching and learning201-203
- 7.2.2.1 Course design201-202
- 7.2.2.2 English teaching and learning202-203
- 7.3 Limitations and future research directions203-206
- 7.3.1 Limitations203-204
- 7.3.2 Directions for future study204-206
- Bibliography206-220
- Appendix Ⅰ Survey Questionnaires220-243
- Appendix Ⅱ Classroom Observations243-262
- Appendix Ⅲ Interviews262-264
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本文關(guān)鍵詞:英語專業(yè)四、八級考試反撥作用研究,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
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