多倍體生物往往表現(xiàn)出比二倍體更高的基因組異質(zhì)化和等位基因的多樣性,具有更強(qiáng)的遺傳可塑性和更好的生理適應(yīng)性,因此長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)多倍體創(chuàng)制與遺傳育種一直是加大遺傳變異,改良性狀的重要手段之一。如果通過(guò)遠(yuǎn)緣雜交或物理與化學(xué)方法,成功創(chuàng)制出所需性狀的多倍體后代,并且其兩性可育,則可以通過(guò)自交繁衍形成遺傳變異逐步穩(wěn)定的新品系,將對(duì)多倍體的合成、生物進(jìn)化、遺傳與育種方面研究具有重要作用。現(xiàn)有的多倍染色體組物種,都是在長(zhǎng)期的淘汰過(guò)程中形成的,在機(jī)能上是協(xié)調(diào)的�？墒�,當(dāng)將不同物種或不同染色體組進(jìn)行組合、重復(fù)、消減和取代創(chuàng)制出新染色體組材料時(shí),一般來(lái)說(shuō),早期的適應(yīng)值會(huì)較差,但通過(guò)系統(tǒng)改良也會(huì)形成機(jī)能上協(xié)調(diào)的物種。因此,嘗試創(chuàng)制合成新染色體組材料及其形成早期過(guò)程中的遺傳變異規(guī)律研究,對(duì)闡述多倍體的合成、形成規(guī)律和遺傳變異特性具有重要意義,同時(shí)也為揭示創(chuàng)制合成新異源多倍體試驗(yàn)及其基因組穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)化研究提供范例。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室利用玉米、四倍體多年生類玉米（Z.perennis）和指狀摩擦禾（T.dactyloides）合成了近異源六倍體三元雜種,將其與二倍體玉米回交合成BC1,在BC1的群體中發(fā)現(xiàn)一株植株（BC1-31）兩... 

【文章頁(yè)數(shù)】：168 頁(yè)

【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
List of Abbreviations
ABSTRACT
摘要
1 CHAPTER REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    1.1 IMPORTANCE OF POLYPLOIDY
    1.2 POLYPLOIDY AND ITS TYPES
    1.3 METHODS OF POLYPLOIDY INDUCTION
        1.3.1 Somatic cell doubling
        1.3.2 Apomixis
    1.4 ALLOPOLYPLOIDS AND SPECIATION
    1.5 EVOLUTION OF ALLOPOLYPLOIDS
    1.6 PHENOTYPIC VARIATIONS IN ALLOPOLYPLOIDS
    1.7 ALLOPOLYPLOIDY INDUCED CHROMOSOMAL VARIATION
    1.8 MITOSIS
    1.9 MEIOSIS
    1.10 ALLOPOLYPLOIDY INDUCED CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES AND SPECIATION
    1.11 GENOMIC FRAGMENTS INHERITANCE IN POLYPLOIDS
        1.11.1 Faithful Fragment inheritance in polyploids
        1.11.2 Missing fragments
    1.12 THE FATE OF DUPLICATED GENES IN POLYPLOIDS
    1.13 DUPLICATED GENES EXPRESSION AND DIFFERENTIATION
    1.14 RIBOSOMAL DNA AND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER(ITS)
    1.15 APPLICATION OF POLYPLOIDY
    1.16 POLYPLOIDY,HETEROSIS AND MAIZE
    1.17 ALLOTETRAPLOIDIZATION IN MAIZE
    1.18 WILD RELATIVES OF MAIZE AND WIDE-HYBRIDIZATION
2 CHAPTER GENOME EVOLUTION,CHROMOSOME COMPOSITION,AND PHENOTYPIC EFFECTS OF NASCENT NEAR-ALLOTETRAPLOID
    2.1 INTRODUCTION
    2.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
        2.2.1 Plant materials
        2.2.2 Phenotypic characters measurement
        2.2.3 Meiotic observation in pollen mother cells(PMCs)
        2.2.4 Mitotic chromosome
        2.2.5 Extraction of genomic DNA
        2.2.6 Genomic in situ hybridization
        2.2.7 Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization(FISH)
        2.2.8 Chromosome analysis
    2.3 RESULTS
        2.3.1 Creation of plant material(S0-S7)
        2.3.2 Phenotypic of plant materials
        2.3.3 Comparative analysis of newly synthesis allotetraploid maize with Shaver's allotetraploid
        2.3.4 Chromosome number and chromosome compositions of nascent near-allotetraploids (S1-S6)
        2.3.5 Chromosome composition of Shaver’s allotetraploid
        2.3.6 Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) and evolution of rDNA in nascent near-allotetraploids
        2.3.7 Meiosis in Pollen mother cell (PMC) of synthesized near-allotetraploids
    2.4 DISCUSSION
        2.4.1 Synthetic nascent-allopolyploid maize and its parental species are the model systems for studying the evolution of polyploids
        2.4.2 Numerical chromosome changes in nascent near-allotetraploid
        2.4.3 Sub-genomic chromosome stability in nascent near-allotetraploid
        2.4.4 Chromosomal rearrangements in synthesized allotetraploids
        2.4.5 Transfer of exogenous chromosomes and chromosome segments
        2.4.6 Pollen fertility and seed setting in nascent near-allotetraploid
        2.4.7 Phenotypes of nascent near-allotetraploids
        2.4.8 Prospect and application of nascent near-allotetraploids
    2.5 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
3 CHAPTER GENETIC CHANGES AND GENOME EVOLUTION OF NASCENT NEAR-ALLOTETRAPLOID
    3.1 INTRODUCTION
    3.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
        3.2.1 Plant materials Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP)
        3.2.2 Plant material for ITS sequences analysis
        3.2.3 DNA isolation
        3.2.4 AFLP analysis
        3.2.5 Internal transcribed spacer(ITS)direct sequencing
    3.3 RESULTS
        3.3.1 AFLP Analysis
        3.3.2 ITS sequences analysis of parents and allopolyploids
    3.4 DISCUSSION
        3.4.1 Time span for genomic variations in allotetraploid maize
        3.4.2 Sequences changes were nonrandom in allotetraploid maize
        3.4.3 Sequence variation after allopolyploidization and internal transcribed spacer(ITS)
        3.4.4 Allopolyploidization and ITS sequence evolution
        3.4.5 Co-evolution of ITS sequences in polyploidy
4 CHAPTER POLYPLOID MAIZE BREEDING UTILIZATION OF NASCENT NEAR-ALLOTETRAPLOID
    4.1 INTRODUCTION
    4.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
        4.2.1 Plant material
        4.2.2 Phenotypic measurements
        4.2.3 Chlorophyll contents and Biomass
        4.2.4 Heterosis estimation
        4.2.5 Assessment of nutritional traits and Vitamin A of grains of allotetraploid hybrids
        4.2.6 Cytogenetic observations
    4.3 RESULTS
        4.3.1 Heterosis in allotetraploid hybrids
        4.3.2 Genomic compositions of allotetraploid hybrids
        4.3.3 Meiosis in pollen mother cell(PMC)of allotetraploid hybrids
        4.3.4 ANOVA for allotetraploid hybrids performance for nutrition,yield components and seed yield/plant
        4.3.5 Assessment of Vitamin A
    4.4 DISCUSSION
        4.4.1 Heterosis in allotetraploid hybrids
        4.4.2 Distinct genomes hybridization and success for fitness
        4.4.3 The nutritional components in allotetraploid maize and heterosis in seed yield
        4.4.4 Response to vitamin A contents in allotetraploid maize hybrids
    4.5 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
5 REFERENCES
6 PUBLICATIONS


【參考文獻(xiàn)】：
期刊論文
[1]植物遠(yuǎn)緣雜交中的染色體行為及其遺傳與進(jìn)化意義[J]. 李再云,華玉偉,葛賢宏,徐傳遠(yuǎn).  遺傳. 2005(02)



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