With the rapid development of the poultry industry,scientists around the globe are now focusing on the role of micronutrients in poultry diets to ensure better production.Although micronutrients are required in minute quantities in the poultry diet,they play an important role in improving birds’ health and vigor.Chromium（Cr）is a micronutrient which plays a vital role in animal nutrition and involved in metabolism of carbohydrates,proteins,lipids and nucleic acid.Cr considered as a vital element ... 

【文章頁(yè)數(shù)】：142 頁(yè)

【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2:LITERATURE REVIEW
    2.1 Properties of chromium
    2.2 Chromium metabolism
        2.2.1 Absorption of chromium
        2.2.2 Transport of chromium
        2.2.3 Excretion of chromium
    2.3 Biological functions of chromium
    2.4 The role of chromium in metabolism
        2.4.1 Carbohydrates metabolism
        2.4.2 Protein metabolism
        2.4.3 Metabolism of nucleic acids
        2.4.4 Metabolism of minerals
    2.5 Regulation of hormonal
        2.5.1 Cortisol
        2.5.2 Insulin
    2.6 Growth performance and body composition
    2.7 Growth performance in broiler,Japanese quail and turkeys
    2.8 Laying birds’performance
    2.9 Immune response
    2.10 Feed Intake and Feed Conversion
    2.11 Carcass Characteristics and Meat Lipid Profile
    2.12 Hematological Profile
    2.13 Serum triglycerides,cholesterol,HDL and LDL
    2.14 Metabolic effect
    2.15 Antioxidant effect
    2.16 Chromium as an essential nutrient
    2.17 Digestion of nutrients
    2.18 Chromium deficiency
    2.19 Chromium toxicity
CHAPTER 3:EFFECTS OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF CHROMIUM PROPIONATE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE,INTESTINAL HEALTH,IMMUNE RESPONSE AND NUTRIENT TRANSPORTER GENE EXPRESSION IN BROILER
    3.1 Objective
    3.2 Materials and Methods
        3.2.1 Experimental Birds and Diet
        3.2.2 Experimental record and management
        3.2.3 Clinical observation
        3.2.4 Growth Performance
        3.2.5 Organs Index
        3.2.6 Immune Response
        3.2.7 Intestinal morphology
        3.2.8 RNA isolation and quantitative real time PCR
    3.3 Statistical Analysis
    3.4 Results
        3.4.1 Growth Performance
        3.4.2 Organs Index
        3.4.3 Immune Response
        3.4.4 Intestinal morphology
        3.4.5 Glucose and amino acid transporter genes expression
    3.5 Discussion
    3.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4:EFFECT OF DIETARY CHROMIUM PROPIONATE ON INSULIN SENSIBILITY,BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES,SERUM BIOCHEMICALPROPERTIES,ANTIOXIDANT MARKERS AND LIVER METABOLIC ENZYMES EXPRESSION IN BROILERS REARED UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
    4.1 Objective
    4.2 Materials and Methods
        4.2.1 Experimental birds and diet
        4.2.2 Blood and serum parameters
        4.2.3 Liver metabolic enzymes and nutrient transporter genes expression
        4.2.4 Antioxidant properties
        4.2.5 Insulin sensitivity test
        4.2.6 RNA isolation and quantitative real-time PCR
    4.3 Statistical methods
    4.4 Results
        4.4.1 Blood Profile
        4.4.2 Serum biochemical parameters
        4.4.3 Antioxidant properties antioxidant
        4.4.4 Expression of liver metabolic enzymes
        4.4.5 Insulin sensitivity test
    4.5 Discussion
    4.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5:EVALUATE THE TOLERANCE OF DIETARY HIGHER LEVELS OF CHROMIUM PROPIONATE IN BROILERS
    5.1 Objective
    5.2 Materials and Methods
        5.2.1 Production performance
        5.2.2 Blood and serum parameters
        5.2.3 Liver metabolic enzymes and nutrients transport gene expression
        5.2.4 Antioxidant properties
        5.2.5 Immune function
        5.2.6 Intestinal morphology
        5.2.7 Insulin sensitivity test
    5.3 Statistical Analysis
    5.4 Results
        5.4.1 Production performance
        5.4.2 Organ index
        5.4.3 Blood profile
        5.4.4 Serum biochemical profile
        5.4.5 Antibody titer
        5.4.6 Antioxidant properties
        5.4.7 Glucose and amino acid transport vector expression
        5.4.8 Expression of liver metabolic enzymes
        5.4.9 Intestinal morphology
        5.4.10.Insulin sensitivity test
    5.5 Discussion
    5.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 6:METABOLOMIC APPROACH ON SERUM OF BROILERS WITH OR WITHOUT DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF CHROMIUM PROPIONATE
    6.1 Materials and Methods
        6.1.1 Sample Preparation
        6.1.2 GC-MS analysis
        6.1.3 Data preprocessing of GC-MS
        6.1.4 Statistical analysis and identification of different metabolites
    6.2 Structural identification of metabolites
        6.2.1 PCA,PLS-DA and OPLS-DA models to evaluate metabolite difference between groups
        6.2.2 Principal component Analysis(PCA)
        6.2.3 Partial Least-squares-discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)
    6.3 Results
        6.3.1 Comparative analysis of treatment group1 (21-1)and5 (21-5)at21 day
        6.3.2 Different metabolites for21-1 and21-5 groups at21 day
        6.3.3 Correlation Matrix Analysis
        6.3.4 Thermal Diagram Analysis
        6.3.5 Analysis of pathway
        6.3.6 Comparative analysis of21-1 and21-7 groups at21 day
        6.3.7 Correlation Matrix Analysis
        6.3.8 Thermal Diagram Analysis
        6.3.9 Analysis of pathways
        6.3.10 Comparative analysis of treatment group1 (21-1)and8 (21-8)at21 day
        6.3.11 Correlation Matrix Analysis
        6.3.12 Thermal Diagram Analysis
        6.3.13 Analysis of pathways
        6.3.14 Comparative analysis of treatment group5 (21-5)and8 (21-8)at21 day
        6.3.15 Metabolites in group21-5 and21-8
        6.3.16 Correlation Matrix Analysis in group21-5 and21-8
        6.3.17 Thermal Diagram Analysis
        6.3.18 Analysis of pathway
        6.3.19 Comparative analysis of42-1 and42-5 groups at42 day
        6.3.20 Different metabolites in group42-1 and42-5
        6.3.21 Correlation Matrix Analysis in group42-1 and42-8
        6.3.22 Thermal spatial map analysis in group42-1 and42-5
        6.3.23 Pathway in group42-1 and42-5
        6.3.24 Comparative analysis of group42-1 and42-7 groups at42 day
        6.3.25 Metabolites in group42-1 and42-7
        6.3.26 Correlation Matrix Analysis in group42-1 and42-7
        6.3.27 Thermal spatial analysis in group42-1 and42-7
        6.3.28 Pathway analysis in group42-1 and42-7
        6.3.29 Comparative analysis of42-1 and42-8 groups at42 day
        6.3.30 Different metabolites in group42-1 and42-8
        6.3.31 Correlation Matrix Analysis for group42-1 and42-8
        6.3.32 Thermal diagram analysis between group42-1 and42-8
        6.3.33 Analysis of pathway in group42-1 and42-8
        6.3.34 Comparative analysis of group42-5 and42-8 at42 day
        6.3.35.Differential metabolites in group42-5 and42-8
        6.3.36 Correlation Matrix Analysis in group42-5 and42-8
        6.3.37 Thermal diagram analysis in group42-5 and42-8
        6.3.38 Analysis of pathways in group42-5 and42-8
    6.4 Discussion
    6.5 Conclusions
CHAPTER 7:SUMMARY AND GENARAL CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


【參考文獻(xiàn)】：
期刊論文
[1]吡啶羧酸鉻、VE對(duì)櫻桃谷鴨肉鴨生產(chǎn)性能及胴體品質(zhì)的影響[J]. 馬黎,馮炳文,馬晨,林玉如,胡明輝.  西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版). 2005(02)



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