【摘要】：圓形噴灌機(jī)具有自動化程度高、單機(jī)控制面積大、適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的特點,適于規(guī)模化、集約化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和牧區(qū)灌溉。當(dāng)前,我國圓形噴灌機(jī)使用過程中存在設(shè)計運行不合理、灌水質(zhì)量不高的問題。本研究立足于圓形噴灌機(jī)水力性能的理論分析和田間試驗評估,重點研究噴頭類型、機(jī)組運行速度、環(huán)境參數(shù)對機(jī)組水力性能的影響。同時,改進(jìn)圓形噴灌機(jī)噴頭配置與水力性能評價軟件,并開展了機(jī)組水力性能優(yōu)化設(shè)計。主要工作與結(jié)論如下：(1)對圓形噴灌機(jī)主要水力性能指標(biāo)進(jìn)行理論分析,以機(jī)組長度97.3 m、入機(jī)流量25.16m3/h、入機(jī)壓力200 kPa的圓形噴灌機(jī)為對象,開展了水力性能指標(biāo)的田間試驗評價。結(jié)果表明,在5種機(jī)組運行速度下,配置旋轉(zhuǎn)散射式噴頭R3000和固定折射式噴頭D3000測得的機(jī)組噴灌均勻系數(shù)(CUH)分別為75.3%～80.3%和62.5%-72.8%,前者比后者平均高出9.6%。配置兩種噴頭下測得的土壤含水率分布均勻系數(shù)(CUHs)為86.3%～93.1%,平均值為91%,而雨量筒測得的CUH平均值僅為73%,此外噴灌均勻系數(shù)隨著機(jī)組運行速度增大呈減小趨勢。當(dāng)配置R3000噴頭時,各個徑向位置的平均噴灌強(qiáng)度低于配置D3000噴頭的測量值,徑流水深隨著機(jī)組運行速度增大而減小。配置R3000、D3000噴頭測得的機(jī)組蒸發(fā)飄移損失率平均值分別為6.5%和4.0%。影響蒸發(fā)飄移損失的最重要因子是風(fēng)速,其次為空氣溫度,而相對濕度的影響程度最低。(2)在末端噴槍配置、機(jī)組噴灌強(qiáng)度分析和數(shù)據(jù)庫拓展等方面改進(jìn)了圓形噴灌機(jī)噴頭配置與水力性能評價軟件。對典型地區(qū)6臺圓形噴灌機(jī)的行走性能和噴灌均勻性進(jìn)行田間試驗評價,發(fā)現(xiàn)末端塔架車最大行走速度理論值和試驗值的相對誤差平均為2.3%,表明機(jī)組行走性能良好。平均噴灌水深試驗值和理論值的相對誤差平均為.2.1%。測得的機(jī)組噴灌均勻系數(shù)在44.4%-89.9%之間,造成部分機(jī)組噴灌均勻系數(shù)低于設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求的原因有水泵選配和運行不合理、未安裝壓力調(diào)節(jié)閥、噴頭配置不合理等。通過改進(jìn)軟件對典型機(jī)組噴頭配置進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,提高噴灌均勻系數(shù)15%左右。(3)模擬分析了機(jī)組長度、入機(jī)流量(對應(yīng)作物日耗水量)、機(jī)組運行速度(對應(yīng)百分率計時器設(shè)定值)對圓形噴灌機(jī)噴灌均勻性的影響,結(jié)果表明,影響噴灌均勻性的主次順序為機(jī)組長度、入機(jī)流量、機(jī)組運行速度。當(dāng)機(jī)組長度不變時,隨著入機(jī)流量增大,沿機(jī)組徑向的平均噴灌強(qiáng)度的最大值和整體均值皆變大。隨著機(jī)組長度變大,沿機(jī)組徑向的平均噴灌強(qiáng)度超過允許噴灌強(qiáng)度的區(qū)域越多,容易引起地表積水和徑流。
[Abstract]:Circular sprinkler irrigation machine has the characteristics of high automation, large control area and strong adaptability. It is suitable for large-scale, intensive agricultural production and irrigation in pastoral areas. At present, the design and operation of circular sprinkler irrigation machine in our country are unreasonable and the irrigation quality is not high. This study is based on the theoretical analysis and field test evaluation of the hydraulic performance of circular sprinkler irrigation machine, focusing on the effects of nozzle type, unit operating speed and environmental parameters on the hydraulic performance of the unit. At the same time, the nozzle configuration and hydraulic performance evaluation software of circular sprinkler irrigation machine were improved, and the hydraulic performance optimization design of the unit was carried out. The main work and conclusions are as follows: (1) the main hydraulic performance indexes of circular sprinkler irrigation machine are analyzed theoretically. Taking the round sprinkler irrigation machine with 97.3 m unit length, 25.16 m3 / h incoming flow rate and 200 kPa inlet pressure as the object, the main work and conclusion are as follows: (1) the main hydraulic performance indexes of the circular sprinkler irrigation machine are analyzed theoretically. Field test evaluation of hydraulic performance index was carried out. The results show that the (CUH) of sprinkler uniformity coefficient measured with rotating scatter sprinkler R3000 and fixed refraction sprinkler D3000 is 75.3% and 62.5-72.8%, respectively. The former is 9. 6% higher than the latter on average. The uniform coefficient of distribution of soil moisture measured under the two sprinklers is 86.30.93 and the average value is 91.1, while the average value of CUH measured by the rainfall canister is only 73. In addition, the uniformity coefficient of sprinkler irrigation decreases with the increase of unit speed. When the R3000 nozzle is deployed, the average sprinkler intensity at each radial position is lower than the measured value of the D3000 nozzle, and the runoff depth decreases with the increase of the unit operating speed. The average evaporation loss rate of the unit with R3000 D3000 nozzle is 6.5% and 4.0% respectively. The most important factor affecting the loss of evaporation drift is wind speed, followed by air temperature, and the relative humidity has the least influence. (2) the configuration of spray gun at the end, The sprinkler head configuration and hydraulic performance evaluation software of circular sprinkler irrigation machine are improved in the aspects of sprinkler intensity analysis and database expansion. The performance and uniformity of sprinkler irrigation of 6 circular sprinklers in typical areas were evaluated in the field. It was found that the average relative error between the theoretical and experimental values of the maximum walking speed of the terminal tower car was 2.30.This indicates that the running performance of the unit is good. The relative error between the experimental value and the theoretical value of the average sprinkler irrigation depth is. 2.1. The measured uniform coefficient of sprinkler irrigation is between 44.4% and 89.9%. The reasons that cause the uniformity coefficient of sprinkler irrigation of some units to be lower than the design standard are unreasonable water pump selection and operation, uninstalled pressure regulating valve, unreasonable configuration of sprinkler head, and so on. By improving the software, the nozzle configuration of typical units is optimized, and the uniformity coefficient of sprinkler irrigation is increased by about 15%. (3) the unit length, the flow rate (corresponding to the daily water consumption of crops) are simulated and analyzed. The effect of unit operating speed (corresponding percentage timer setting value) on the uniformity of sprinkler irrigation of circular sprinkler irrigation machine is studied. The results show that the primary and secondary order of affecting sprinkler uniformity is the unit length, the flow rate and the running speed of the unit. When the length of the unit is constant, the maximum value and the overall mean value of the average sprinkler intensity along the radial direction of the unit become larger with the increase of the inlet flow rate. With the length of the unit increasing the average sprinkler intensity along the radial direction of the unit is more than the allowable sprinkler intensity which is easy to cause surface water and runoff.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S277.94

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