【摘要】：多年來(lái),我國(guó)氮肥施用量持續(xù)增加,氮肥利用效率卻難以顯著提高,大量氮素通過(guò)氨揮發(fā)、氧化亞氮排放、淋溶作用等途徑損失,不僅造成了巨大的資源浪費(fèi),也引起了嚴(yán)重的土壤酸化、富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化等農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染問(wèn)題,極大地制約了農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。自20世紀(jì)肥料化工興起之時(shí),尋找有效的抑制氮肥損失的途徑便成為學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。近年新興的生物炭技術(shù)有可能為提高肥料利用效率、降低氮素?fù)p失提供一整套新的解決方案。因此,明確生物炭還田對(duì)作物的吸氮規(guī)律以及肥料氮素的分布特征對(duì)指導(dǎo)生物炭還田改土、提高氮肥利用效率意義重大。為研究生物炭還田對(duì)玉米氮素利用的影響,于2012年至2013年在沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)南院試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)開(kāi)展了盆栽15N同位素示蹤試驗(yàn),監(jiān)測(cè)生物炭還田條件下農(nóng)田土壤的氨揮發(fā)、氧化亞氮排放和氮素淋溶以及無(wú)機(jī)氮素的動(dòng)態(tài)分布和肥料15N的歸趨；于2013年在沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)棕壤長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn)站開(kāi)展了田間試驗(yàn),研究不同生物炭施用量對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)、干物質(zhì)積累以及產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響。其中,盆栽試驗(yàn)設(shè)置3個(gè)處理,(1)CK不施生物炭不施氮肥, (2)N常規(guī)施肥不施生物炭,(3)NB生物炭與氮肥配施(生物炭用量為1.64%,相當(dāng)于田間用量40 t.hm-2),盆栽試驗(yàn)所用尿素的15N豐度為10%。田間試驗(yàn)設(shè)置5個(gè)處理,(1)B0不施氮肥且不施生物炭,(2)B20不施氮肥只施20 t.hm-2生物炭,(3)NB0常規(guī)施肥不施生物炭,(4)NB20氮肥與20t.hm-2生物炭配施,(5)NB40氮肥與40 t.hm-2生物炭配施。氨揮發(fā)測(cè)定采用半封閉式酸吸收法,氧化亞氮排放通量測(cè)定采用密閉箱-氣相色譜法,土壤速效氮含量測(cè)定采用連續(xù)流動(dòng)注射分析法,利用元素分析儀測(cè)定植物和土壤的氮素含量,TOC分析儀測(cè)定淋溶液的全氮含量,同位素質(zhì)譜儀測(cè)定各樣品的15N同位素豐度。主要研究結(jié)果概括如下：1.田間試驗(yàn)表明,與B0相比,B20處理玉米產(chǎn)量顯著降低20.55%。與NB0相比,NB20處理顯著提高了根系活力,促進(jìn)玉米的穗部干物質(zhì)積累,改善了玉米的品質(zhì),提高玉米的產(chǎn)量6.07%。NB40處理由于過(guò)度降低土壤容重導(dǎo)致出苗率下降,同時(shí)過(guò)度增加土壤的碳氮比促使微生物與玉米爭(zhēng)氮,最終導(dǎo)致品質(zhì)下降,產(chǎn)量降低13.88%。可見(jiàn),適量生物炭與氮肥配施可以促進(jìn)玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和品質(zhì)形成,一次性大量施炭(40 t.hm-2)對(duì)當(dāng)季作物生長(zhǎng)不利。2.與B0相比,B20處理玉米的吸氮量顯著降低了16.9%;與NB0相比,NB20處理玉米的吸氮量增加5.6%,而NB40處理減少了15.3%。生物炭提高了籽粒中氮素含量,與NB0相比,NB20處理籽粒的氮素含量顯著提高17.13%�？梢�(jiàn),適量生物炭與氮肥配施促進(jìn)作物對(duì)氮素的吸收,提高土壤氮素的利用效率。3.盆栽試驗(yàn)表明,與N相比,NB處理的玉米吸氮量顯著增加7.20%；土壤的氧化亞氮排放顯著降低了26.67%,土壤的氮素淋溶損失顯著降低了47.48%,共減少由氨揮發(fā)、氧化亞氮排放和淋溶所引起的土壤氮素?fù)p失34.11%。生物炭與肥料配施可以增加作物的吸氮量,抑制土壤的氧化亞氮排放、降低了氮素的淋溶損失。4.盆栽15N示蹤試驗(yàn)表明,與N相比,NB處理玉米對(duì)肥料15N的吸收量減少7.98%,氮肥利用率低3.6%；土壤中肥料15N殘留量增加了17.03%,殘留率高6.4%；總體而言,肥料15N損失量降低了27.55%,損失率低3.7%�？梢�(jiàn),生物炭降低了肥料氮素的當(dāng)季可利用性,但增加了土壤對(duì)肥料氮素的固持作用,顯著減少了肥料氮素以氨揮發(fā)、氧化亞氮排放和淋溶三種途徑的損失。綜上所述,適量生物炭與氮肥配施可促進(jìn)玉米對(duì)氮素的吸收,提高玉米產(chǎn)量；生物炭可以減少氮素的淋溶和氧化亞氮排放損失,降低化肥中氮素的當(dāng)季利用率,增加了氮在土壤中的持留,促進(jìn)了土壤自身氮素的有效化和向植物體的轉(zhuǎn)移,為實(shí)現(xiàn)減量施肥創(chuàng)造了條件。
[Abstract]:In that past year, the application rate of the nitrogen fertilizer in China has been continuously increase, the use efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer is not obviously improved, and a great amount of nitrogen is lost through the methods of ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission, leaching, and the like, not only causing great resource waste, but also causing serious soil acidification, The problems of agricultural surface source pollution, such as eutrophication, have greatly restricted the sustainable development of agriculture. In the light of the rise of fertilizer and chemical industry in the 20th century, it has become the focus of the academic circles to find effective ways to restrain the loss of nitrogen fertilizer. In recent years, the new bio-carbon technology has the potential to provide a whole set of new solutions for improving the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer and reducing the loss of nitrogen. Therefore, it is of great significance to make clear that the nitrogen absorption law of the biological carbon and the distribution of the nitrogen in the fertilizer can be used to guide the remediation of the biological carbon and improve the utilization efficiency of the nitrogen fertilizer. In order to study the effect of the biochar on the nitrogen utilization of the corn, a pot-pot 15N isotope tracing test was conducted in the southern courtyard of Shenyang Agricultural University from 2012 to 2013, and the ammonia volatilization of the soil under the condition of the biological carbon was monitored. The effects of the application of different biochar on the growth of maize, the accumulation of dry matter and the quality of the yield were studied in the long-term location test station of brown soil in Shenyang Agricultural University in 2013. In the pot experiment, three treatments were set, (1) CK was not applied to biochar, no nitrogen fertilizer was applied, (2) N was not applied to biochar, and (3) NB bio-carbon and nitrogen fertilizer were applied (the amount of biochar was 1.64%, which was equivalent to the field amount of 40 t. hm-2), and the 15N abundance of urea used in the pot experiment was 10%. In field experiment, 5 treatments were set, (1) B0 was not applied with nitrogen fertilizer and no biochar was applied, (2) B20 nitrogen fertilizer was applied only to 20 t. hm-2 biological carbon, (3) NB0 was not applied to biological carbon, (4) NB20 nitrogen fertilizer was applied to 20t.hm-2 biological carbon, and (5) NB40 nitrogen fertilizer was applied to 40 t. hm-2 biological carbon. A semi-closed acid absorption method is adopted for the determination of the ammonia volatilization, the determination of the nitrogen oxide emission flux is carried out by adopting a closed box-gas chromatography, a continuous flow injection analysis method is adopted for the determination of the quick-acting nitrogen content of the soil, and the nitrogen content of the plant and the soil is determined by using an element analyzer, The total nitrogen content of the leaching solution was determined by the TOC analyzer and the 15N isotopic abundance of each sample was determined by the isotope mass spectrometer. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1. The field experiment showed that the yield of B20 treated with B20 was significantly reduced by 20. 55% compared with that of B0. and compared with the NB0, the NB20 treatment obviously improves the vitality of the root system, promotes the dry matter accumulation of the ear part of the corn, improves the quality of the corn, improves the yield of the corn by 6. 07%, At the same time, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the soil is excessively increased, and the nitrogen of the microorganism and the corn is promoted, the quality is reduced, and the yield is reduced by 13.88%. It can be seen that a proper amount of carbon and nitrogen fertilizer can promote the growth and quality of the corn, and a large amount of carbon (40 t. hm-2) can be applied to the seasonal crop. The nitrogen uptake of B20 treated with B20 was decreased by 16. 9% as compared with that of B0, and the amount of nitrogen uptake by NB20 in the treatment of corn increased by 5. 6% compared with that of NB0, while the treatment of NB40 was reduced by 15. 3%. The nitrogen content in the grain was increased by the biochar, and the nitrogen content in the treated seeds of the NB20 was significantly increased by 17.13% as compared with that of the NB0. It can be seen that proper amount of biological carbon and nitrogen fertilizer can promote the absorption of nitrogen and improve the utilization efficiency of soil nitrogen. The pot experiment showed that the nitrogen content of the treated corn was significantly increased by 7. 20% in comparison with that of N. The nitrogen emission of the soil was significantly reduced by 26. 67%, and the loss of nitrogen leaching in the soil was significantly reduced by 47. 48%, and the volatilization of ammonia was reduced. Soil nitrogen loss caused by nitrous oxide and leaching was 34. 11%. the application of the biological carbon and the fertilizer can increase the nitrogen absorption capacity of the crops, inhibit the emission of the nitrous oxide of the soil, and reduce the leaching loss of the nitrogen. The results showed that, compared with N, the uptake of fertilizer 15N by NB decreased by 7. 98%, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 3. 6%, the residue of 15N in the soil increased by 17. 03%, and the residual rate was 6. 4%; in general, the loss of 15N in the fertilizer was reduced by 27. 55% and the loss rate was 3. 7%. It can be seen that the biochar reduces the seasonal availability of the nitrogen in the fertilizer, but increases the solid-holding effect of the soil on the nitrogen of the fertilizer, and obviously reduces the loss of the fertilizer nitrogen in the three ways of ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emission and leaching. In conclusion, proper amount of biological carbon and nitrogen fertilizer can promote the absorption of nitrogen and improve the yield of the corn, and the biological carbon can reduce the leaching of nitrogen and the loss of nitrous oxide emission, reduce the seasonal utilization rate of nitrogen in the fertilizer, increase the retention of the nitrogen in the soil, the effect of the nitrogen of the soil and the transfer of the soil to the plant body are promoted, and conditions are created for realizing the reduction and fertilization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽(yáng)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S513

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