本文選題：土壤水分運(yùn)動(dòng) + 碳氮循環(huán)��； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：長期以來我國糧食增產(chǎn)過多依賴水肥資源的大量投入,不僅增加了糧食生產(chǎn)成本,而且加大環(huán)境污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,定量描述農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)、氮素去向和作物生長過程,對(duì)水氮資源高效利用、作物生產(chǎn)決策和環(huán)境保護(hù)具有十分重要的意義。本文在借鑒國內(nèi)外土壤水分溶質(zhì)運(yùn)移、碳氮循環(huán)及作物模型理論方法的基礎(chǔ)上,構(gòu)建了一個(gè)適合我國氣候環(huán)境條件及農(nóng)業(yè)管理特點(diǎn)的土壤-作物系統(tǒng)水碳氮過程耦合模型WHCNS(soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulation),并應(yīng)用田間數(shù)據(jù)檢驗(yàn)了該模型在我國高度集約化農(nóng)田生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中的適用性,對(duì)當(dāng)前的水肥管理措施進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化,全文主要結(jié)論如下:構(gòu)建的WHCNS模型以天為步長,土壤水分入滲和再分布過程分別采用Green-Ampt模型和Richard's方程來描述。土壤氮素運(yùn)移使用對(duì)流-彌散方程來描述,源匯項(xiàng)中考慮氮素循環(huán)的各個(gè)過程(有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化、尿素水解、氨揮發(fā)、硝化、反硝化和作物吸收等),有機(jī)質(zhì)周轉(zhuǎn)模塊直接來源于Daisy模型。作物模型可選擇復(fù)雜的PS123模型或者簡單的EPIC模型。為了驗(yàn)證該模型的模擬效果,采用國外公開的數(shù)據(jù)集,對(duì)本模型進(jìn)行了校驗(yàn),并將本模型的模擬結(jié)果與國外的14個(gè)系統(tǒng)模型的模擬結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)本模型的綜合表現(xiàn)在所有模型中處于前三位。將PEST(Parameter ESTimation)參數(shù)自動(dòng)優(yōu)化程序與WHCNS模型進(jìn)行了完全耦合,實(shí)現(xiàn)了土壤水力學(xué)參數(shù)、氮素轉(zhuǎn)化參數(shù)和作物遺傳參數(shù)的自動(dòng)尋優(yōu),也可進(jìn)行靈敏度分析,從而大大節(jié)約了模型校驗(yàn)時(shí)間。模型參數(shù)敏感度分析結(jié)果表明,作物參數(shù)的敏感度最高(其中生長發(fā)育積溫和最大比葉面積最敏感),其次是土壤水力學(xué)參數(shù)(其中飽和含水率最敏感),而氮素轉(zhuǎn)化參數(shù)最低。全局敏感度分析結(jié)果與PEST參數(shù)敏感度分析結(jié)果類似,但研究發(fā)現(xiàn)作物水氮脅迫會(huì)影響模型參數(shù)的敏感度和參數(shù)間的交互作用,水氮脅迫越大,參數(shù)對(duì)硝酸鹽淋失的敏感度越小,但參數(shù)間交互作用表現(xiàn)更強(qiáng)烈。應(yīng)用內(nèi)蒙古阿拉善荒漠綠洲地區(qū)砂質(zhì)土壤春玉米的田間系統(tǒng)觀測數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)WHCNS模型進(jìn)行了校驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明該模型能夠很好地模擬高濃度硝酸鹽地下水灌溉條件下的硝酸鹽淋失和春玉米生長過程。對(duì)不同水肥組合情景下的水分動(dòng)態(tài)、氮素去向和作物產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行了模擬分析,基于作物高產(chǎn)、水肥資源高效和硝酸鹽淋失最少的多目標(biāo),篩選了適合當(dāng)?shù)氐淖顑?yōu)水肥方案。結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)保持灌水5次,每次灌水約105 mmm時(shí)能達(dá)到較高產(chǎn)量同時(shí)大大減少了硝態(tài)氮的淋洗。為了能夠模擬水稻覆膜旱作復(fù)雜條件下的水熱運(yùn)移過程,對(duì)WHCNS模型的土壤水熱運(yùn)移模塊進(jìn)行了改進(jìn),并應(yīng)用在我國湖北丘陵區(qū)的水稻覆膜旱作試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)改進(jìn)的模型進(jìn)行了校驗(yàn),并且與原模型的模擬結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比。結(jié)果表明,改進(jìn)后的模型較好地模擬了覆膜條件下土壤熱傳導(dǎo)、水分運(yùn)動(dòng)和作物生長過程。模型大大提高了水稻生育前期的生物學(xué)指標(biāo)的模擬精度。并且發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)根層土壤水分保持在田間持水量80%的水分管理結(jié)合施用化肥75 kg N hm-2并配合有機(jī)肥料75 kg N hm-2的措施不僅產(chǎn)量最高,而且顯著提高水分利用效率,是水稻覆膜早作體系值得推廣的一種水肥管理模式。在模型發(fā)展方面,將DRAINMOD模型的排水模塊與WHCNS模型進(jìn)行了耦合,提高了WHCNS模型模擬暗管排水條件下農(nóng)田的水分運(yùn)動(dòng)、氮素去向和作物生長過程的能力。應(yīng)用國外長期的農(nóng)田暗管排水試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)該模型進(jìn)行了校驗(yàn)。結(jié)果表明,耦合的模型較好地模擬了土壤水儲(chǔ)量、作物干物質(zhì)重、作物產(chǎn)量、作物吸氮量、暗管排水量和氮損失量,且暗管排水和氮素?fù)p失量的模擬精度隨時(shí)間尺度(日、月、年)增加而提高。情景分析表明,當(dāng)玉米季的施肥量控制在100～120 kg N hm-2的范圍內(nèi)時(shí),可將暗管排出的硝酸鹽濃度控制在10 mg L-1以下,同時(shí)可維持現(xiàn)有的玉米產(chǎn)量。
[Abstract]:For a long time, the excessive increase of grain production in China relies heavily on water and fertilizer resources, which not only increases the cost of grain production, but also increases the risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, it describes the dynamics of soil moisture in the farmland ecosystem, the process of nitrogen removal and crop growth, the efficient utilization of water and nitrogen resources, the decision of crop production and the environmental protection of ten. Based on the theory and method of soil water solute transport, carbon and nitrogen cycle and crop model, a coupling model of soil crop system water carbon and nitrogen process (soil water heat carbon and nitrogen simulation), which is suitable for China's climate and environmental conditions and agricultural management, is built on the basis of the domestic and foreign soil water solute transport, carbon nitrogen cycle and crop model theory, and the application of WHCNS (water heat carbon and nitrogen simulation) is applied. The field data test the applicability of the model in the highly intensive farmland production system in China and optimize the current management measures of water and fertilizer. The main conclusions are as follows: the constructed WHCNS model takes the days as the step, and the soil water infiltration and redistribution process is described by the Green-Ampt model and the Richard's equation respectively. The migration uses the convection diffusion equation to describe the process of nitrogen cycling in the source sink term (organic matter mineralization, urea hydrolysis, ammonia volatilization, nitrification, denitrification and crop absorption). The organic matter turnover module is directly derived from the Daisy model. The crop model can choose the complex PS123 model or the simple EPIC model. The simulation results are checked by foreign data sets, and the simulation results of the model are compared with the simulation results of the 14 system models abroad. It is found that the comprehensive performance of this model is in the first three bits in all models. The PEST (Parameter ESTimation) parameter optimization program and the WHCNS model are added into the model. Fully coupled, the soil hydraulics parameters, nitrogen transformation parameters and crop genetic parameters were automatically optimized, and the sensitivity analysis could be carried out. The model calibration time was greatly saved. The sensitivity analysis of model parameters showed that the sensitivity of crop parameters was the highest (among which the growth temperature and the maximum specific leaf area were the most sensitive). The second is the soil hydraulics parameters (the saturated water content is most sensitive), and the nitrogen conversion parameter is the lowest. The global sensitivity analysis results are similar to the PEST parameter sensitivity analysis results. However, the study found that water and nitrogen stress of crops will affect the sensitivity of model parameters and intercross interaction between parameters, the greater the water and nitrogen stress, the parameters of nitrate leaching are lost. The smaller the sensitivity is, the interaction between the parameters is more intense. The field system observation data of the sandy soil spring maize in Alashan desert oasis, Inner Mongolia, is used to verify the WHCNS model. The results show that the model can well simulate the nitrate leaching and the growth of spring maize under the condition of high concentration nitrate groundwater irrigation. Process. The water dynamics, nitrogen direction and crop yield under different water and fertilizer combinations were simulated. Based on the multi target of high yield of crops, high efficiency of water and fertilizer and the least leaching of nitrate, the optimum water and fertilizer scheme suitable for the local area was screened. The results showed that the high yield could be reached when irrigation was kept 5 times and the irrigation was about 105 MMM each time. At the same time, the leaching of nitrate nitrogen was greatly reduced. In order to simulate the water and heat migration process under the complex condition of rice mulching, the Soil Hydrothermal transport module of the WHCNS model was improved and applied to the rice mulching experiment data of rice mulching in the hilly area of Hubei. The improved model was verified and the model was simulated with the original model. The results were compared. The results showed that the improved model well simulated the soil heat conduction, water movement and crop growth process under the condition of film mulching. The model greatly improved the simulation precision of the biological indexes of the early growth of rice. And it was found that the water management combined application of soil moisture in the root layer was 80% in the field water holding capacity. The chemical fertilizer 75 kg N hm-2 and the organic fertilizer 75 kg N hm-2 not only have the highest yield, but also significantly improve the water use efficiency. It is a water and fertilizer management model which is worth popularizing in the early rice mulching system of rice. In the development of the model, the drainage module of the DRAINMOD model is coupled with the WHCNS mould, and the WHCNS model is improved. The water movement of farmland, the removal of nitrogen and the ability of the crop growth process under the condition of drainage. The model was verified by a long period of foreign field dark pipe drainage test data. The results showed that the coupled model well simulated the soil water reserves, crop dry matter weight, crop yield, crop nitrogen uptake, dark pipe drainage and nitrogen loss. The simulation accuracy of the drainage and nitrogen loss is increased with the time scale (day, month, year). The scenario analysis shows that the nitrate concentration in the dark tube can be controlled below 10 mg L-1 when the fertilizer amount of the corn season is controlled in the range of 100~120 kg N hm-2, and the existing corn yield can be maintained at the same time.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S154.4

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