本文選題：冬小麥 + 養(yǎng)分利用��； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：化肥在糧食生產(chǎn)中發(fā)揮著巨大的作用,化肥的大量施用極大地提高了作物產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,是實(shí)現(xiàn)增產(chǎn)和農(nóng)業(yè)增收的主要措施。但化肥,特別是氮磷肥的大量投入也帶來一系列問題,給生態(tài)環(huán)境和人類健康帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在黃土高原旱地,水分不足與土壤養(yǎng)分缺乏是限制作物生長的兩個(gè)主要因素,且水和肥是一對(duì)相互影響的因子,肥料效應(yīng)的發(fā)揮受土壤水分的限制。同時(shí)考慮水、肥兩個(gè)因子,充分發(fā)揮水肥協(xié)同效應(yīng),減少資源浪費(fèi),降低其帶來的環(huán)境隱患,是我國旱地農(nóng)業(yè)和土壤肥料學(xué)科研究的熱點(diǎn)和重要發(fā)展方向。因此,探明冬小麥生物量、產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分吸收利用和需求及收獲期土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩�、夏閑期硝態(tài)氮淋溶對(duì)不同氮、磷肥用量和降水年型的響應(yīng),以結(jié)合區(qū)域降水制定科學(xué)合理的施肥方案為旱地小麥獲得高產(chǎn)、培肥土壤、保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境并實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供理論指導(dǎo)和科學(xué)依據(jù)。本研究利用黃土高原南部旱作冬小麥不同氮磷肥用量的10年長期定位試驗(yàn),采用完全隨機(jī)區(qū)組試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì),包括5個(gè)氮水平(0,80,160,240和320 kg N ha-1)和5個(gè)磷水平(0,50,100,150和200 kg P2O5 ha-1),重復(fù)4次。于2010-2014年進(jìn)行田間土壤和植物取樣與測定,并結(jié)合之前的相關(guān)測定結(jié)果和10年的降水資料,分析研究了長期不同氮磷肥用量和降水對(duì)冬小麥生物量、產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分吸收利用、養(yǎng)分需求、土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩艏跋拈e期淋溶的影響,獲得的主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)通過10年田間定位試驗(yàn),結(jié)合多年降水,明確了冬小麥生物量、產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分吸收利用及需求在不同降水條件下對(duì)氮肥的響應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明:冬小麥生物量、產(chǎn)量、籽粒含氮量及百公斤籽粒需氮量與施氮量均呈顯著的拋物線關(guān)系;籽粒含磷量、百公斤籽粒需磷量與施氮量呈極顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系;而籽粒含鉀量、百公斤籽粒需鉀量與施氮量呈顯著的線性或拋物線關(guān)系。氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力、累積利用率及氮素生理效率隨施氮量增加均顯著降低;磷素生理效率隨施氮量增加而增加;鉀素生理效率隨施氮量增加先增加而后降低。降水量不同,氮肥肥效不同。年降水量高的年份,形成籽粒產(chǎn)量的需氮量偏低,最高值為3.04 kg 100kg-1;年降水量低的年份,形成籽粒產(chǎn)量的需氮量較高,最高值為3.15 kg 100kg-1。(2)基于收獲期土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩舻陌踩撝?優(yōu)化了冬小麥合理施氮量。結(jié)果表明:土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅颗c施氮量呈拋物線關(guān)系,且隨施氮量增加而增加;當(dāng)季土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩糁饕l(fā)生在0-100 cm土層,施氮0,80,160,240和320 kg N ha-1時(shí),年增加量分別為0,4.4,8.8,13.2和17.7 kg N ha-1;來源于肥料的當(dāng)季硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩綦S施氮量增加線性增加,且施氮80,160,240和320 kg N ha-1時(shí),年增加量分別為0.02,7.1,14.1和21.1kgnha-1。硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅?當(dāng)季和來源于肥料的當(dāng)季殘留量及當(dāng)季殘留深度均受降水影響,但與降水關(guān)系不顯著。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),降水每年可使硝態(tài)氮向土壤深層移動(dòng)13.3~33.3cm�？紤]到土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩糸撝挡⒈ＷC較高的小麥產(chǎn)量,推薦施氮量可降低到66~92kgnha-1,此時(shí),冬小麥產(chǎn)量為4487~5000kgha-1,0-100cm土層硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅靠山档椭?5~67kgnha-1。(3)選取三個(gè)典型的降水年份,分析了夏閑期麥田土壤硝態(tài)氮淋失及累積,探明了影響硝態(tài)氮淋失的主要因子和土壤水氮運(yùn)移的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明:硝態(tài)氮淋失主要發(fā)生在表層40cm,淋失量受施氮量和降水強(qiáng)度的影響。在2011年濕潤年,施氮0~320kgnha-1時(shí),淋失量為14.6~250kgnha-1;在2012年平水年,僅施氮240和320kgnha-1發(fā)生淋失,分別為47.6和53.8kgnha-1;而在2013年干旱年沒有發(fā)生硝態(tài)氮淋失,反而發(fā)生累積。表層淋失的硝態(tài)氮在深層40-300cm發(fā)生累積,累積量隨施氮量增加而增加,施氮0~320kgnha-1時(shí),深層累積量在2011年為37.7~387kgnha-1;2012年為53.9~193kgnha-1;而在2013年沒有發(fā)生深層累積。硝態(tài)氮在土壤中的向下移動(dòng)滯后于土壤水分,1mm的夏閑期降水可使硝態(tài)氮在土壤剖面向下移動(dòng)1.6~3.6mm。從調(diào)控土壤硝態(tài)氮淋溶的角度考慮,當(dāng)?shù)厥┑坎粦?yīng)超過160kgnha-1。(4)通過10年田間定位試驗(yàn),結(jié)合多年降水,明確了冬小麥生物量、產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分吸收利用及需求在不同降水條件下對(duì)磷肥的響應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明:冬小麥生物量、產(chǎn)量、籽粒氮磷含量與施磷量均呈顯著的拋物線關(guān)系;而籽粒含鉀量與施磷量沒有顯著相關(guān)性。冬小麥磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力隨施磷量增加顯著降低;磷肥累積利用率在100kgp2o5ha-1時(shí)最高,施磷量再增加,其累積利用率降低。施磷量增加,冬小麥氮素生理效率增加,而磷素生理效率降低,鉀素生理效率先增加后降低。冬小麥百公斤籽粒需氮量、需磷量與施磷量呈顯著的拋物線關(guān)系;而需鉀量隨施磷量增加線性降低。不同降水條件下,磷肥肥效不同。年降水量高的年份,形成籽粒產(chǎn)量需磷量偏低,最高值為0.31kg100kg-1;年降水量低的年份,形成籽粒產(chǎn)量需磷量較高,最高值為0.33kg100kg-1。(5)基于收獲期合理的土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅?優(yōu)化了冬小麥合理施磷量。結(jié)果表明:施磷量增加,土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅肯冉档投笤黾?在施磷0,50,100,150和200kgp2o5ha-1時(shí),當(dāng)季硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅糠謩e為82.1,51.3,46.6,49.8和89.4kgnha-1,且主要分布在0-100cm土層。土壤0-300cm、0-100cm、當(dāng)季硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩袅侩S試驗(yàn)?zāi)攴莸脑黾佣黾?其與施磷量、時(shí)間的關(guān)系均可用二元二次方程描述。由此可見,優(yōu)化磷肥用量可有效調(diào)控土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩?施磷104~168kgp2o5ha-1時(shí)可顯著降低土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩?同時(shí)產(chǎn)量保持在5500~5741kgha-1較高水平。(6)選取三個(gè)典型的降水年份,分析了夏閑期麥田土壤硝態(tài)氮淋失及累積,探明了施磷量對(duì)硝態(tài)氮淋失的影響。結(jié)果表明:冬小麥夏閑期硝態(tài)氮淋失主要發(fā)生在表層40cm,淋失量受施磷量和降水影響。在2011年濕潤年,與其他施磷處理比較,100kgp2o5ha-1顯著降低了硝態(tài)氮淋失,淋失量為88.2kgnha-1;在2012年平水年和2013年干旱年沒有發(fā)生硝態(tài)氮淋失。土壤表層淋失的硝態(tài)氮在深層40-300 cm發(fā)生累積,且施用磷肥可降低其累積量,施磷由100 kg P2O5 ha-1增加到200 kg P2O5 ha-1時(shí),深層硝態(tài)氮累積量在2011年由196降低到134 kg N ha-1;在2012年由134 kg N ha-1降低到55.9 kg N ha-1;而在2013年沒有發(fā)生累積。為了有效地防止硝態(tài)氮淋失,阻止其在深層的累積,當(dāng)?shù)亓追适┯昧坎粦?yīng)低于100 kg P2O5 ha-1。綜上所述,在黃土高原旱地農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,根據(jù)不同降水條件下作物養(yǎng)分需求規(guī)律,結(jié)合調(diào)控收獲期土壤硝態(tài)氮?dú)埩襞c夏閑期淋溶,制定合理的氮磷肥用量,對(duì)作物增產(chǎn)、土壤培肥和環(huán)境友好有重要意義。
[Abstract]:Chemical fertilizer plays a great role in grain production. A large amount of fertilizer application has greatly improved crop yield and economic benefit. It is the main measure to increase production and increase agricultural income. But chemical fertilizer, especially nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer, also brings a series of problems, bringing risks to the ecological environment and human health. In the Loess Plateau dry land, water Water and fertilizer are two main factors restricting crop growth, and water and fertilizer are one of the factors that affect the growth of crops. The effect of fertilizer is restricted by soil moisture. At the same time, two factors of water and fertilizer are considered, and the synergistic effect of water and fertilizer is given full play to reduce the waste of resources and reduce the environmental hidden dangers. Therefore, the response of winter wheat biomass, yield, nutrient absorption, utilization and demand, and the residue of nitrate nitrogen in the harvest period, the response of nitrate leaching to different nitrogen, the amount of phosphate fertilizer and the annual precipitation type in the summer leisure period, and the scientific and rational fertilization scheme for dry land wheat by combining the precipitation with the region area The theoretical guidance and scientific basis for obtaining high yield, fertilizing soil, protecting the soil, protecting the ecological environment and realizing the sustainable development of agriculture were provided. The 10 year long-term location test of different nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer for dry winter wheat in the southern part of the Loess Plateau was designed by the complete random zone test, including 5 nitrogen levels (0,80160240 and 320 kg N HA-1) and 5 Phosphorus levels (0,50100150 and 200 kg P2O5 HA-1) were repeated for 4 times. Soil and plant samples were sampled and measured in 2010-2014 years. Combined with previous correlation determination results and 10 year precipitation data, the biomass, yield, nutrient uptake and utilization, nutrient requirements and nitrate nitrogen of winter wheat were analyzed. The main results were as follows: (1) through the 10 year field location test and combined with years of precipitation, the response of winter wheat biomass, yield, nutrient absorption, utilization and demand to nitrogen fertilizer under different precipitation conditions was clarified. The results showed that the biomass, yield, nitrogen content and 100 kg grain of winter wheat were found. There is a significant parabolic relationship between the amount of nitrogen and the amount of nitrogen applied, and the grain phosphorus content, the amount of phosphorus and the amount of nitrogen have a very significant negative correlation, while the grain potassium content, the quantity of potassium and the amount of nitrogen are linear or parabolic. The partial productivity, cumulative utilization and nitrogen physiological efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer increase with the amount of nitrogen application. The physiological efficiency of phosphorus increased with the increase of nitrogen application, and the physiological efficiency of potassium increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer was different. The nitrogen content of grain yield was low and the highest value was 3.04 kg 100kg-1 in the year of high precipitation. The nitrogen content was higher, the highest value was 3.15 kg 100kg-1. (2) based on the safety threshold of the residue of nitrate nitrogen in the harvest period. The optimum nitrogen application rate of winter wheat was optimized. The results showed that the residue of nitrate nitrogen in soil was parabolic relation with the amount of nitrogen application, and increased with the increase of nitrogen application; the residue of nitrate nitrogen in the soil mainly occurred in the 0-100 cm soil layer and the nitrogen application was 0,80,16 in the season. The annual increase of 0240 and 320 kg N HA-1, respectively, is 0,4.4,8.8,13.2 and 17.7 kg N HA-1, and the residue of nitrate nitrogen from fertilizer is linearly increased with the increase of nitrogen application, and the annual increment is 0.02,7.1,14.1 and 21.1kgnha-1. nitrate residues when applying nitrogen 80160240 and 320 kg N HA-1. The residual depth of the season was affected by precipitation, but the relationship with precipitation was not significant. In this study, it was found that precipitation could make nitrate nitrogen move to the deep soil 13.3~33.3cm. every year, considering the residue threshold of soil nitrate nitrogen and ensuring higher wheat yield, and the recommended nitrogen rate could be reduced to 66~ 92kgnha-1, at this time, the yield of winter wheat was 4487~5000kgha-1,0-100cm The residue of nitrate nitrogen can be reduced to 55~67kgnha-1. (3) to select three typical precipitation years. The leaching and accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the soil of wheat field in the summer leisure period were analyzed. The main factors affecting the leaching of nitrate nitrogen and the relationship between soil water and nitrogen transport were explored. The results showed that the leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen mainly occurred in the surface 40cm, and the leaching amount was affected by the amount of nitrogen and reduced. The effect of water intensity. In the year of wetting in 2011, the amount of leaching was 14.6~250kgnha-1 when nitrogen application was 0~320kgnha-1; in 2012, only 240 and 320kgnha-1 were lost, respectively, 47.6 and 53.8kgnha-1, while in 2013, no nitrate leaching was found in dry year, and the accumulated nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the deep 40-300cm. The accumulation of nitrogen increased with the increase of nitrogen application, and the deep accumulation of nitrogen in 0~320kgnha-1 was 37.7~387kgnha-1 in 2011 and 53.9~193kgnha-1 in 2012, but no deep accumulation in 2013. The downward movement of nitrate nitrogen in soil lagged behind the soil moisture, and the reduction of water in the summer leisure period of 1mm could cause the nitrate nitrogen to move down to 1.6~3.6mm. in the soil profile. From the angle of controlling soil nitrate leaching, local nitrogen application should not exceed 160kgnha-1. (4) through 10 year field location test and combined with years of precipitation, the response of winter wheat biomass, yield, nutrient absorption and utilization and demand to phosphate fertilizer under different precipitation conditions was clarified. The results showed that the biomass, yield and nitrogen and phosphorus content of winter wheat were found. There was a significant parabolic relationship with the amount of phosphorus application, but there was no significant correlation between the amount of potassium and the amount of phosphorus applied in the grain. The phosphorus fertilizer partial productivity of winter wheat decreased significantly with the increase of the amount of phosphorus; the cumulative utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer was the highest, the amount of phosphorus increased, and the cumulative utilization rate decreased. The nitrogen application efficiency of winter wheat increased, and the nitrogen application rate of winter wheat increased. The physiological efficiency of phosphorus decreased, and the physiological efficiency of potassium was increased first and then decreased. There was a significant parabolic relationship between the amount of nitrogen for 100 kg of winter wheat and the amount of phosphorus required and the amount of phosphorus, while the amount of potassium needed linearly decreased with the increase of the amount of phosphorus. In the years of low annual precipitation, the grain yield was higher and the highest value was 0.33kg100kg-1. (5) based on the reasonable soil nitrate nitrogen residue in the harvest period. The reasonable amount of phosphorus application in winter wheat was optimized. The results showed that the amount of phosphorus in the soil was increased and the residue of nitrate nitrogen in the soil decreased first and then increased, and the amount of 0,50100150 and 200kgp2o5ha- in the soil was 0,50100150 and 200kgp2o5ha-. At 1, the residual amount of nitrate nitrogen in the season was 82.1,51.3,46.6,49.8 and 89.4kgnha-1, respectively, and mainly distributed in the 0-100cm soil layer. The soil 0-300cm, 0-100cm, the residue of nitrate nitrogen increased with the increase of the experimental year, and the relationship with the amount of phosphorus and the time could be described by two yuan two times equation. Thus, the optimization of the amount of phosphate fertilizer can effectively control the soil. The residue of soil nitrate nitrogen and phosphorus 104~168kgp2o5ha-1 could significantly reduce the residue of nitrate nitrogen in soil, and the yield remained at a high level of 5500~5741kgha-1. (6) three typical precipitation years were selected to analyze the leaching and accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the soil of wheat field during the summer leisure period, and the effect of phosphorus application on nitrate leaching was explored. The leaching loss of nitrate mainly occurs in the surface 40cm, and the leaching loss is affected by the amount of phosphorus and precipitation. In 2011, 100kgp2o5ha-1 significantly reduced the nitrate leaching loss and the leaching amount of 88.2kgnha-1, compared with other phosphorus application treatments. In the 2012 and 2013 dry years, no nitrite nitrogen was lost. The nitrate nitrogen in the soil surface was deep. The accumulation of layer 40-300 cm, and the application of phosphate fertilizer to reduce its accumulation and increase the amount of phosphorus from 100 kg P2O5 HA-1 to 200 kg P2O5 HA-1, the accumulation of deep nitrate nitrogen decreased from 196 to 134 kg N HA-1 in 2011; in 2012, it was reduced to 55.9 from 134 kg N, but no accumulation in 2013. In order to effectively prevent nitrate leaching, In order to prevent its deep accumulation, the application of local phosphate fertilizer should not be lower than 100 kg P2O5 ha-1.. In the dryland agricultural production of the Loess Plateau, according to the law of nutrient requirement under different precipitation conditions, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is determined, and the crop yield and soil culture are increased by combining the regulation of the soil nitrate nitrogen residue and the summer idle period in the harvest period. Fertilizer and environmental friendliness are of great significance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S512.11
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本文編號(hào)：2071045