本文選題：黃土丘陵區(qū) + 長(zhǎng)期施肥�。� 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：黃土丘陵區(qū)農(nóng)田是我國(guó)北方農(nóng)田的重要組成部分。為了增加作物產(chǎn)量,很多地方的肥料投入很大,不同施肥處理對(duì)土壤造成了不同程度的影響。為了明確這一區(qū)域施肥對(duì)土壤質(zhì)量的影響,特以安塞站16年川地肥料長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn)為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)不同施肥處理下(N(氮肥)、P(磷肥)、NP、M(有機(jī)肥)、MN、MP、MNP、CK(對(duì)照)、BL(裸地))農(nóng)田土壤性質(zhì)進(jìn)行綜合分析,從土壤養(yǎng)分、土壤活性有機(jī)碳庫(kù)以及影響?zhàn)B分轉(zhuǎn)化、能量流動(dòng)的微生物活性角度分析了這些指標(biāo)對(duì)不同施肥處理的響應(yīng)特征,進(jìn)而通過(guò)相關(guān)分析、聚類分析、主成分分析等方法綜合比較不同施肥處理的特點(diǎn),主要得到以下結(jié)論:1.16年耕作后,相對(duì)于CK,長(zhǎng)期施N肥、P肥和NP配施對(duì)有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、堿解氮無(wú)顯著性影響,含P肥的處理會(huì)顯著增加土壤全磷和速效磷含量。有機(jī)肥參與的處理會(huì)顯著增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、堿解氮和速效鉀含量,較CK平均增加幅度分別為30%、31%、27%和85%。不同處理土壤下層(20-40cm)各養(yǎng)分的分異規(guī)律不如表層(0-20cm)明顯。施肥主要影響土壤表層。2.不同施肥處理中,以MNP處理作物產(chǎn)量最高,隨著施肥年限的增加,有機(jī)肥和化肥之間的產(chǎn)量差異越來(lái)越大。單施N肥或NP肥配施也可顯著增加作物產(chǎn)量,而單施P肥增產(chǎn)效果并不顯著。不同施肥處理對(duì)大豆、玉米不同部位N、P、K含量存在著顯著差異。大豆籽粒N含量和P含量約為其莖莢的10倍。玉米籽粒中的N、P含量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于莖稈中的含量,而K含量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于莖稈含量,有機(jī)肥的處理會(huì)大量的增加玉米莖稈的K含量。3.不同施肥處理對(duì)土壤顆粒組成的影響差異并不顯著,表層和下層土壤粘粒、粉粒、砂粒的百分含量平均為17.92%、60.72%、21.37%。土壤顆粒及微團(tuán)聚體的優(yōu)勢(shì)粒級(jí)均為0.02~0.05mm。不同施肥處理土壤顆粒體積分形維數(shù)差異不顯著,以MNP處理的值最小。土壤顆粒體積分形維數(shù)與粘粒(0.002mm)和細(xì)粉粒(0.002~0.02mm)極顯著正相關(guān),與粗粉粒(0.02~0.05mm)和細(xì)砂粒(0.05~0.2mm)極顯著負(fù)相關(guān);土壤團(tuán)聚度與0.05mm各粒徑土壤微團(tuán)聚體顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與0.05mm各粒徑土壤微團(tuán)聚體顯著正相關(guān)。4.相比于CK,有機(jī)肥比化肥處理更能提高土壤中水溶性有機(jī)碳(WSOC)、水溶性總氮(WSTN)含量,磷肥參與的處理會(huì)顯著增加表層的水溶性總磷(WSTP)含量。長(zhǎng)期施肥處理的表層土壤C/N值在10左右,下層為9,不同處理之間無(wú)顯著差異,變異較小;而WSOC/WSTN則有顯著變化,變化幅度在15.7-28.6之間,變幅較大,變異系數(shù)超過(guò)10%。WSOC對(duì)施肥措施的響應(yīng)要比有機(jī)碳更為敏感。對(duì)照CK的土壤耕層有效Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe的含量分別為0.90、1.03、8.59、6.31mg kg-1,長(zhǎng)期施用有機(jī)肥的土壤,土壤微量元素含量顯著高于純施化肥的土壤,對(duì)土壤有效鋅、有效錳和有效鐵的增幅作用都很顯著,平均增幅分別達(dá)34.3%、31.5%和40.4%。長(zhǎng)期氮肥處理,會(huì)造成土壤有效鋅和有效錳的輕微虧損,但未達(dá)到顯著性差異。黃土丘陵區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤并不缺乏有效銅,而有效鋅、有效錳和有效鐵都處于虧缺邊緣,施用有機(jī)肥可有效改善土壤中微量元素的貧瘠狀況。水溶性有機(jī)物與微量元素中的有效錳、鋅、鐵極顯著相關(guān),有效銅只和水溶性有機(jī)碳顯著相關(guān)。5.不同施肥處理的四個(gè)易氧化有機(jī)碳區(qū)組(F1,F2,F3和F4)的比例并不一樣,按照F1F2F4F3的順序排列,分別占總有機(jī)碳的47%,27%,18%,8%。有機(jī)肥處理能顯著增加表層F1和F2組分,F3和F4組分則在下層土壤中無(wú)顯著性變化�；侍幚韯t只能增加F4組分。有機(jī)肥處理的SOC,F1組分和F2組分的敏感性指數(shù)SI要比相應(yīng)的化肥處理高,其中,F1組分比其他各組分更敏感,更適宜作為評(píng)價(jià)土壤碳組分變化的指標(biāo)。6.除了過(guò)氧化氫酶外,脲酶、蔗糖酶和堿性磷酸酶酶活性都是表層高于下層;施化肥并不能顯著影響土壤酶活性,有機(jī)肥參與的處理土壤酶活性要顯著高于化肥處理,施肥方式的差異影響著土壤酶活性。單位有機(jī)碳酶活性的響應(yīng)規(guī)律和傳統(tǒng)酶活性的規(guī)律并不一致,大致上為有機(jī)質(zhì)含量越高,其單位有機(jī)碳酶活性越低。脲酶、蔗糖酶和堿性磷酸酶活性的高低和有機(jī)碳的活性組分存在著極顯著的相關(guān)性,有機(jī)碳組分中活性組分顯著影響酶活性。單施氮肥能提高G-和總PLFA含量,單施磷肥能提高G-、放線菌和總PLFA含量;氮磷肥混施對(duì)微生物呼吸和群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響不明顯。有機(jī)肥參與處理對(duì)G+、G-細(xì)菌、放線菌以及總PLFA含量都有顯著影響。單施有機(jī)肥影響總PLFA含量和誘導(dǎo)呼吸,有機(jī)與無(wú)機(jī)肥混施能明顯改變微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和土壤呼吸強(qiáng)度;7.總計(jì)24個(gè)土壤指標(biāo)經(jīng)過(guò)主成分分析,可用4個(gè)主成分進(jìn)行表征,可解釋的累計(jì)方差為90%。4類主成分所表征的主要因子分別為碳氮因子、養(yǎng)分因子、磷因子以及土壤結(jié)構(gòu)因子,方差貢獻(xiàn)率依次為60.12%,17.15%,6.48%,6.29%。主成分分析結(jié)果表明,磷素是影響黃土區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤質(zhì)量的一個(gè)限制因素。農(nóng)田中配施有機(jī)肥和磷肥,對(duì)土壤的綜合質(zhì)量提升最高。單施化肥或者只施化肥,會(huì)對(duì)土壤肥力造成損耗,不利于農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,有機(jī)肥對(duì)于農(nóng)田利用潛力的提升非常巨大。
[Abstract]:Farmland in the loess hilly region is an important part of farmland in the north of China. In order to increase crop yield, many places have a great input of fertilizer. Different fertilization treatments have caused different effects on soil. In order to clarify the effect of Fertilization on soil quality in this region, the long-term location test of fertilizer in Ansai station for 16 years was studied. A comprehensive analysis of soil properties of farmland under different fertilization treatments (N (nitrogen fertilizer), P (phosphorus fertilizer), NP, M (organic fertilizer), MN, MP, MNP, CK (control), BL (bare land)). The response characteristics of these indexes to different fertilization treatments were analyzed from soil nutrient, soil active organic carbon bank and influence of nutrient transformation and energy flow microbiological activity. By means of correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the characteristics of different fertilization treatments were compared, and the following conclusions were obtained: after 1.16 years of tillage, compared with CK, N fertilizer had no significant effect on organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali nitrogen, and the treatment of P fertilizer could significantly increase the total phosphorus and available phosphorus content of soil. Organic fertilizer could be significantly increased by the treatment of P fertilizer. The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen and available potassium increased by 30%, 31%, 27% and 85%., respectively, which were 30%, 31%, 27% and 85%., respectively. The difference of different nutrients in the lower soil layer (20-40cm) was not as obvious as the surface layer (0-20cm). The yield difference between organic manure and chemical fertilizer is increasing with the increase of fertilization years. Single application of N fertilizer or NP fertilizer can also significantly increase crop yield, but the effect of single application of P fertilizer is not significant. The content of N, P and K in different parts of soybean and maize with different fertilization treatments is significantly different. The content of N and P in soybean grain is about its stem and the content of P is about its stem. The content of N and P in corn grain is much larger than that in stem, but the content of K is far less than the content of stem, and the treatment of organic fertilizer will increase the K content of corn stalk in a large amount.3.. The difference of soil particle composition is not significant in different fertilization treatments. The average content of clay, powder and sand in surface and lower layer soil is average to be 1. The 7.92%, 60.72%, 21.37%. soil particles and the dominant particle size of the micro aggregates are all 0.02~0.05mm. different fertilization treatment soil particle volume fractal dimension difference is not significant, MNP treatment value minimum. Soil particle volume fractal dimension and clay (0.002mm) and fine powder (0.002~0.02mm) very significant positive correlation, with coarse powder (0.02~0.05mm) and fine sand particles (0.05~0.2mm) significant negative correlation; soil aggregation was significantly negatively correlated with soil microaggregates of each particle size of 0.05mm. Compared with CK, the significant positive correlation of.4. to soil microaggregates of 0.05mm particles, organic manure could increase the water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) content in soil, and the treatment of phosphorus fertilizer participation would increase significantly. The content of water soluble total phosphorus (WSTP) in surface layer. The surface soil C/N value of the surface soil of long-term fertilization is about 10, the lower layer is 9, there is no significant difference between different treatments, and the variation of WSOC/WSTN has a significant change, the variation range is between 15.7-28.6, the amplitude is larger, and the variation coefficient over 10%.WSOC is more sensitive than the organic carbon. The content of effective Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe in the soil layer of CK was 0.90,1.03,8.59,6.31mg kg-1, and the soil microelement content was significantly higher than that of pure fertilizer. The increase of effective zinc, effective manganese and effective iron in soil was significant, the average increase was 34.3%, 31.5% and 40.4%., respectively. There is no significant difference in soil available zinc and effective manganese, but no significant difference is achieved. The farmland soil in the loess hilly region is not lacking in effective copper, while effective zinc, effective manganese and effective iron are on the margin of deficiency, and the application of organic fertilizer can effectively improve the poor condition of trace elements in the soil. The significant correlation of manganese, zinc and iron was significant, and the effective copper was significantly related to water soluble organic carbon (.5.). The proportion of four oxidizing organic carbon regions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) in different fertilizer treatments was different. According to the order of F1F2F4F3, the total organic carbon accounted for 47%, 27%, 18%, and 8%. organic fertilizer treatment could significantly increase the surface F1 and F2 components, F3 and F4 components. There is no significant change in the lower soil. The chemical fertilizer treatment can only increase the F4 component. The sensitivity index SI of the SOC, F1 component and F2 component of the organic fertilizer is higher than that of the corresponding fertilizer, and the F1 component is more sensitive than the other components, and it is more suitable to be used as an index for evaluating the change of soil carbon components,.6. except the catalase, urease, The activity of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase was higher than that in the lower layer. Fertilizer application did not significantly affect the activity of soil enzyme. The activity of soil enzyme in the treatment of soil by organic fertilizer was significantly higher than that of chemical fertilizer, and the difference of fertilization mode influenced the activity of soil enzyme. The response law of the activity of organic carbon enzyme was not consistent with the law of traditional enzyme activity. The higher the organic matter content, the lower the activity of organo carbonase. The activity of urease, invertase and alkaline phosphatase has a very significant correlation with the active components of organic carbon. The active components in the organic carbon component can significantly affect the activity of the enzyme. The single application of nitrogen fertilizer can increase the content of G- and total PLFA, and the single application of phosphate fertilizer can improve the G- and discharge line. The effect of organic manure on G+, G- bacteria, actinomycetes and total PLFA content had significant influence on the total PLFA content and the induced respiration, and the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer could significantly change the microbial community structure and soil respiration intensity. 7. total 24 soil indexes can be characterized by 4 principal components. The explanatory cumulative variance is the main factor of 90%.4 principal component, namely, carbon and nitrogen, nutrient factor, phosphorus factor and soil structural factor, and the variance contribution rate is 60.12%, 17.15%, 6.48%. The results of 6.29%. principal component analysis show that Phosphorus is a limiting factor affecting the quality of soil in the loess region. The combination of organic manure and phosphate fertilizer in the farmland has the highest improvement in the comprehensive quality of the soil. Single fertilizer or only fertilizer can cause loss of soil fertility, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of agriculture, and the organic manure has greatly improved the potential of agricultural land use.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S158

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本文編號(hào)：1964316