本文選題：馬胃蠅　切入點(diǎn)：普氏野馬　出處：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：卡山保護(hù)區(qū)是普氏野馬、蒙古野驢和家馬同域生活的區(qū)域,馬胃蠅蛆病是感染上述三種馬科動(dòng)物的重要寄生蟲疾病,且每年都會(huì)重復(fù)感染。三種馬科動(dòng)物生境選擇的差異性與感染胃蠅種類及數(shù)量是否存在相關(guān)性,馬胃蠅哪些行為導(dǎo)致本地區(qū)馬科動(dòng)物蠅蛆病的重復(fù)且高發(fā)成為本研究關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)馬科動(dòng)物和馬胃蠅的行為進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)：(1)馬胃蠅形態(tài)上一些特征為其適應(yīng)內(nèi)寄生生活提供條件�？阢^和棘刺得以特化且變得更加發(fā)達(dá),可以增強(qiáng)粘附消化道內(nèi)壁的能力,防止因胃腸蠕動(dòng)而排出體外；表皮極度角質(zhì)化可以抵抗宿主消化酶的作用,表皮覆蓋幾丁質(zhì)體壁,可以減少水分的大量蒸發(fā)。(2)三齡幼蟲表型性狀及行為特征存在相關(guān)性。胃蠅屬6個(gè)種三齡幼蟲種間變異率入土深度(25.25%)爬行速度(25.09%)蠕動(dòng)頻率(24.60%)體重(22.75%)入土?xí)r間(20.75%)體長(zhǎng)／體寬(19.16%)三齡幼蟲體寬(13.95%)三齡幼蟲體長(zhǎng)(13.03%)。根據(jù)形態(tài)特征和行為方式指標(biāo)將胃蠅屬6個(gè)種劃分為3類,腸胃蠅、紅尾胃蠅和裸節(jié)胃蠅三支聚集成為一簇,黑腹胃蠅分支單獨(dú)形成一簇,鼻胃蠅和黑角胃蠅分支形成第三簇,可根據(jù)胃蠅三齡幼蟲表型性狀和行為性狀特征進(jìn)行三齡幼蟲識(shí)別和鑒定。(3)首次國(guó)內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)黑腹胃蠅產(chǎn)卵生境。黑腹胃蠅產(chǎn)卵主要傾向于選擇海拔900m-1000m、植物總蓋度較低(20%)、駝絨藜蓋度5%、針茅蓋度低(10%-20%)、針茅頻度60%、針茅高度1Ocm-20cm、蒿子蓋度5%、植物科數(shù)和種樹均5、距離水源距離小于5000m、距離驢道60m、20。的陰坡和半陰半陽(yáng)的中坡位斜坡。推測(cè)此種產(chǎn)卵方式的選擇與野馬生境選擇位置有關(guān),是對(duì)其的一種適應(yīng)性表現(xiàn)。此種選擇性的產(chǎn)卵位置與野馬采食和休息生境高度重合,是其增加寄生成功率的一種適應(yīng)性改變。(4)綜合分析了黑腹胃蠅成為當(dāng)?shù)貎?yōu)勢(shì)物種的原因。黑腹胃蠅主要產(chǎn)卵于草上,而其它類馬胃蠅主要產(chǎn)卵于馬毛上,在新疆干旱荒漠草原,食物和水源是制約動(dòng)物生存分布的限制性因子,帶有蟲卵的草占的比例很高,馬科動(dòng)物采食到附著蟲卵的草葉的幾率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于其它地區(qū),且草葉上產(chǎn)卵的侵染效率高于在寄主動(dòng)物的毛發(fā)上產(chǎn)卵效率。(5)對(duì)比分析了三種馬科動(dòng)物感染胃蠅差異性。本地區(qū)馬胃蠅感染種類6種,且大多數(shù)馬科動(dòng)物感染胃蠅屬種類5種(35.57%)和4種(32.22%)；野馬和野驢由于生境選擇位置及遷移路線和活動(dòng)范圍的差異性顯著(P0.01),兩者共作為胃蠅傳播儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)而言,野驢對(duì)于傳播的貢獻(xiàn)率較于野馬更大。
[Abstract]:Kashan Reserve is a common region of wild horse Mongolian wild donkey and domestic horse. Horse stomach myiasis is an important parasitic disease infected with the above three species of equine and it is repeated infection every year.Whether the difference of habitat selection among the three species of equine is related to the species and number of infected flies, and which behaviors of the horse stomach flies lead to the repetition and high incidence of maggots in the region have become the focus of this study.By investigating the behavior of horseshoe and horse stomach flies, it is found that some morphological characteristics of the horse stomach flies provide conditions for their adaptation to the parasitic life.The mouth hook and spinous thorn are specialized and developed to enhance the ability to adhere to the inner wall of the digestive tract and prevent them from being expelled from the body by gastrointestinal peristalsis; the extreme keratinization of the epidermis can resist the action of the host digestive enzyme, and the epidermis covers the walls of the chitin body.The phenotypic and behavioral characteristics of the third instar larvae were correlated.The rate of interspecific variation of the third instar larvae of six species of the genus Musca is 25.25) and the crawling speed is 25.09) the peristaltic frequency is 24.60) the body weight is 22.75) the length of the third instar larva is 20.75) the length of the third instar larva is 13.95) the length of the third instar larva is 13.03.According to the morphological characteristics and behavioral pattern indexes, six species of the genus Gastromyza were divided into 3 groups. The three branches of the genus Gastrodia, Red-tailed and Naked Gastrodia were grouped into a cluster, the branches of the Gastrodia melanogaster formed a single cluster, and the branches of the gastric flies of the nose and the stomach of the black horns formed the third cluster.The third instar larvae can be identified and identified according to the phenotypic and behavioral characteristics of the third instar larvae.Shady slopes and midslope slopes with half yin and half yang.It is inferred that the selection of this oviposition is related to the location of wild horse habitat selection, which is an adaptive performance to the wild horse.This selective oviposition coincides with the feeding and resting habitats of wild horses, which is an adaptive change to increase the parasitic success rate.In Xinjiang arid desert steppe, food and water are the restrictive factors restricting the survival and distribution of animals, and the proportion of grasses with insect eggs is very high.The efficiency of spawning on the grass leaves was higher than that on the hair of the host animals. The difference between the three species of equidae in the infection of gastric flies was analyzed.There are 6 species of gastric fly infection in this area.Most of the equine animals were infected with 5 species (35.5757) and 4 species (32.22%), and Mustang and Mustang had a significant difference in habitat selection, migration route and range of activities, both of which were regarded as a repository for transmission of gastric flies.The contribution of wild donkey to transmission is greater than that of wild horse.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S858.9
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本文編號(hào)：1695254