本文關(guān)鍵詞： 功能性狀 系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹 功能多樣性 維持機制 林冠 熱帶山地雨林 尖峰嶺　出處：《中國林業(yè)科學研究院》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：熱帶雨林林冠的功能生態(tài)過程和生物多樣性的形成原因及其維持機制是當今生態(tài)學研究的熱點之一。植物功能性狀是植物對所處生境生物作用和非生物作用適應(yīng)性的直接體現(xiàn),為開展熱帶雨林林冠功能生態(tài)學研究提供視角。結(jié)合熱帶雨林林冠組成物種的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系和植物功能性狀特征有助于認識林冠的結(jié)構(gòu)和動態(tài),且能夠用于預(yù)測熱帶雨林林冠對氣候變化的響應(yīng)。本文以海南尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠為研究對象,通過群落生態(tài)學調(diào)查、環(huán)境因子測定、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹構(gòu)建、功能性狀選擇和測定,探討了林冠物種水平和群落水平功能性狀的耦合過程及其生存策略;分析了林冠主要功能性狀的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育信號、關(guān)聯(lián)性及其演化模式;比較了徑級結(jié)構(gòu)和物種多度對熱帶山地雨林群落木本植物系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關(guān)系的影響;揭示了林冠功能多樣性格局及其形成原因,并評估了非生物過濾對林冠主要功能性狀分布及其群落構(gòu)建的具體作用。本研究對于深入闡明尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠生物多樣性格局、維持機制及其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能發(fā)揮奠定一定的科學基礎(chǔ),并可為其他森林植被類型林冠生態(tài)學研究的開展提供參考。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林20 m×20 m樣方尺度局域生境異質(zhì)性差異較顯著。土壤有機質(zhì)含量、全氮和全磷含量大體沿山體海拔的升高呈遞增趨勢,而土壤pH值、土壤密度和水分含量大致呈遞減趨勢。(2)尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠主要功能性狀在物種水平除了葉碳含量(CV=6.32%)外種間變異均超過17.26%,而群落水平各功能性狀群落間差異相對較小。物種和群落水平比葉面積均與葉片N、P、K含量存在顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,但均與葉脈密度無任何關(guān)聯(lián)性。更為重要的是:群落尺度上比葉面積對其他大多數(shù)功能性狀的的表征效果(0.263≤r2≤0.744,P0.001)明顯強于其在物種水平的表現(xiàn);而葉脈密度在兩個水平上均未能有效表征其他功能性狀的變化。(3)尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠主要功能性狀很有可能具有“模塊”效應(yīng),與光合作用密切相關(guān)的葉面積、葉氮含量、葉磷含量、葉鉀含量等功能性狀常在第一主成份軸上聚集,以調(diào)節(jié)林冠葉片結(jié)構(gòu)性“投資”與光合產(chǎn)物“收益”的權(quán)衡(第一主成份解釋率:31.9%);而與林冠蒸騰和防御作用緊密相關(guān)的葉厚度、葉含水量、葉脈密度和葉干物質(zhì)含量表現(xiàn)為在第二主成份軸上聚集,以調(diào)節(jié)水分保持與蒸騰失水的權(quán)衡(第二主成份解釋率:26.5%)。(4)尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠主要功能性狀中除了葉面積、葉厚度和潛在最大樹高外其他功能性狀均表現(xiàn)出顯著的的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育信號(P0.05),近親物種其功能性狀相似性高于親緣相疏的物種(系統(tǒng)發(fā)育保守性)。系統(tǒng)發(fā)育獨立性比較表明這些功能性狀彼此間在演化的過程中多呈趨同或趨異模式,且功能性狀隨時間變化的種間分化模式大致呈“漏斗”狀。(5)尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林20 m×20 m樣方尺度上群落的構(gòu)建整體上表現(xiàn)為系統(tǒng)發(fā)育發(fā)散(NRI0),群落組成物種整體上親緣關(guān)系較遠;但該地區(qū)群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹局部分支上則表現(xiàn)為系統(tǒng)發(fā)育聚集(NTI0),群落組成物種局部親緣關(guān)系較近。中小徑級(5 cm≤DBH15 cm和DBH5 cm)群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)常受群落內(nèi)物種多度的影響,僅考慮物種在群落中出現(xiàn)與否而不考慮其多度信息將會明顯高估這些群落的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育多樣性。(6)尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠20 m×20 m樣方尺度群落水平的功能豐富度與群落物種豐富度呈指數(shù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(F=80.36,r2=0.524,P0.001)。在相對肥沃生境中林冠功能性狀空間更大,群落功能多樣性更高,物種功能性狀趨于離散分布。相反,在相對貧瘠生境中林冠功能性狀空間相對狹窄,群落功能多樣性更低,物種功能性狀趨于聚集分布。此外,基于所有林冠主要功能性狀對林冠功能多樣性群落間差異的表征效果更好。(7)環(huán)境因子是影響尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠功能多樣性群落間差異的主要因子,環(huán)境的單獨效應(yīng)對群落間功能多樣性差異的解釋率在多數(shù)功能性狀上均超過30%。而且環(huán)境單獨效應(yīng)對基于所有維度功能性狀的林冠功能多樣性(標準化物種多度加權(quán)平均最近類群距離)群落間差異的解釋率最高(74.0%)。(8)非生物過濾RLQ(R-mode linked to Q-mode)分析的第一軸能夠解釋海南尖峰嶺熱帶山地雨林林冠組成喬木的環(huán)境、空間、功能性狀和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)共變性約98.24%。進化歷史更長的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育基部樟科和木蘭科植物傾向于分布在土壤相對肥沃(有機質(zhì)和氮含量較高)的局域生境中,且具有更高的葉片碳含量和干物質(zhì)含量;而大部分真雙子葉植物(例如殼斗科和山礬科)傾向于分布在土壤pH值和微量元素相對較高的局域生境中,具有更高的比葉面積。
[Abstract]:Causes of tropical rainforest canopy function of ecological processes and biodiversity and maintaining mechanism is one of the hot research topics in ecology. Plant functional traits is the direct embodiment of plant habitat biological and non biological role adaptability, provides perspective for the research on forest ecology function of tropical rainforest. Crown structure and dynamic characteristics and traits plant function is helpful to understand the development of canopy system combined with tropical rainforest canopy species composition, and can be used to predict the response of tropical rainforest canopy on climate change. This paper takes Hainan Jianfengling tropical montane rain forest as the research object, through the investigation of community ecology, environmental factor determination, phylogenetic tree construction, the selection and determination of functional traits. To investigate the coupling process and survival strategy of canopy species level and community level functional traits; analyzes the main function of the canopy The phylogenetic signal can traits, correlation and evolutionary model; comparison of size structure and species abundance of tropical montane rain forest in woody plant phylogeny influence; reveals the canopy diversity function and its causes, and to evaluate the non biological filtration on the specific role of community construction and main function of canopy distribution characters this study to elucidate. Tropical mountain rain forest in Jianfengling, canopy biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and maintenance mechanism lay a scientific foundation, and for the study of other types of forest vegetation canopy ecology provide evidence. The main results are as follows: (1) 20 tropical mountain rain forest in Jianfengling, m * 20 m scale local habitat heterogeneity significantly. The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus content generally along mountain elevation increased, and soil The soil pH value, soil density and moisture content decreased. (2) the main function of the canopy of tropical mountain rain forest in Jianfengling, traits at the species level except leaf carbon content (CV=6.32%) variation among species was more than 17.26%, and the difference in community level functional traits between communities is relatively small. The species and community level leaf area and leaf N, P, there was a positive correlation between the content of K, but no correlation with vein density. More importantly, community scale specific leaf area of most other functional traits in the characterization of effect (R2 = 0.263 ~ 0.744, P0.001) was stronger than the species level in performance; and failed to change vein density in two levels are effective characterization of other functional traits. (3) the main function of the canopy of tropical mountain rain forest in Jianfengling, is likely to have characters of "modules" effect, the leaf area is closely related with photosynthesis, leaf nitrogen The content of leaf phosphorus content, potassium content and leaf traits often gather in the first principal component axis, to adjust the canopy leaf structural "investment" and the balance of Photosynthate "gains" (the first principal component explanation rate: 31.9%); and is closely related with the canopy transpiration and defensive role of Ye Houdu, the water content of the leaf. Leaf density and leaf dry matter content was gathered in the second principal component axis, to adjust the moisture balance and transpiration (second principal components explaining rate: 26.5%). (4) the main function of the canopy of tropical mountain rain forest in Jianfengling, in addition to the traits of leaf area, leaf thickness and other features of high potential maximum tree traits show a significant phylogenetic signal (P0.05), the functional traits closely related species similarity higher than genetic alienament species (phylogenetic conservation). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the independent function between these traits in evolution Convergence or divergence patterns showed, interspecific differentiation patterns and functional traits change over time is roughly "funnel" shape. (5) the construction of tropical mountain rainforest in Jianfengling, 20 m * 20 m scale in the overall performance of phylogenetic divergence (NRI0), community composition on the whole blood the relationship is far away; but the community system in the area development tree partial branch showed phylogenetic aggregation (NTI0), close to the local community. Small size species genetic (5 cm = DBH15 cm and DBH5 cm) community phylogenetic structure is often affected by the species abundance, species only consider in the community and not without considering its degree of information will be overestimated in these systems the development of community diversity. (6) the canopy of tropical mountain rain forest in Jianfengling, 20 m * 20 m scale community level functional richness and species richness index were related The relationship between (F=80.36, r2=0.524, P0.001). In the relatively fertile habitat in the canopy traits more space, community function diversity is higher, species traits tend to discrete distribution. On the contrary, in the relatively barren canopy function habitat traits relative narrow space, community function diversity is lower, species traits tended to aggregation distribution. In addition, better characterize the effect of main function of all canopy traits to canopy functional diversity based on the differences between communities. (7) the environmental factors are the main factors that influence the difference of tropical mountain rainforest in Jianfengling, canopy functional diversity between communities, separate effect on the differences of functional diversity among communities accounted in most traits are more than 30%. and the environment alone effect on all dimensions of functional traits of canopy based on diversity (standardized species abundance weighted average nearest group distance) the differences between communities Explain the highest rate (74%). (8) - RLQ (R-mode linked to bio filter Q-mode) analysis of the environment, can explain Hainan Jianfengling tropical mountain rain forest canopy composition trees first axis space, functional traits and phylogenetic structure were about 98.24%. long evolutionary history development base and Magnoliaceae plants tend to Lauraceae the distribution in the relatively fertile soil (organic matter and higher nitrogen content) local habitat, and has a higher carbon content and leaf dry matter content; while most eudicots (such as Fagaceae and Symplocaceae) according to local habitat in distribution in the soil pH value and trace elements are relatively high, with the higher specific leaf area.

【學位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學研究院
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S718.5
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本文編號：1451750