本文關(guān)鍵詞：上海城市森林多尺度生態(tài)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)研究　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 城市森林 分布格局 多尺度 質(zhì)量診斷 近自然度 生態(tài)恢復(fù)

【摘要】：城市森林作為重要的城市綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,在改善城市生態(tài)環(huán)境、保護(hù)生物多樣性、提高城市綜合競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力方面,具有無(wú)法替代的地位�？焖俪鞘谢尘跋�,從不同尺度對(duì)城市森林結(jié)構(gòu)和功能進(jìn)行多維度生態(tài)質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)研究及評(píng)估,并診斷其制約因素,提出應(yīng)對(duì)措施,將有利于構(gòu)建布局合理、結(jié)構(gòu)健全、功能高效的城市森林。本研究以上海市域?yàn)檠芯繀^(qū)域,城市森林為研究對(duì)象,在分析森林斑塊空間分布格局的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)對(duì)全市201個(gè)城市森林樣點(diǎn),816個(gè)樣方進(jìn)行群落學(xué)調(diào)查,測(cè)算主要物種的三維綠色體積綠量、葉面積指數(shù)、生物量及凈增生物量等物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)相關(guān)功能,旨在從景觀、群落和個(gè)體水平上揭示上海城市森林結(jié)構(gòu)和功能現(xiàn)狀及空間差異,闡明其主要環(huán)境影響因素及結(jié)構(gòu)和功能之間的耦合關(guān)系;并據(jù)此對(duì)上海城市森林在景觀空間布局、物種組成、群落結(jié)構(gòu)和生態(tài)功能多個(gè)維度上進(jìn)行了問(wèn)題診斷和生態(tài)質(zhì)量綜合評(píng)價(jià),探討低效城市森林的恢復(fù)途徑和重建方法,以期為上海城市森林后續(xù)建設(shè)和改造提供理論基礎(chǔ)和實(shí)踐參考。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)上海城市森林空間分布格局基于2015年8月遙感影像和2014年上海森林資源分布圖,對(duì)上海森林斑塊信息進(jìn)行提取和解譯,并分析其景觀空間格局,結(jié)果表明:上海城市森林主要以巨型斑塊和大型斑塊分布為主;城鄉(xiāng)梯度上,森林面積總量呈現(xiàn)出遠(yuǎn)郊近郊中心城區(qū)的格局,但森林覆蓋率近郊優(yōu)于遠(yuǎn)郊和中心城區(qū);景觀尺度上,不管從景觀構(gòu)成還是景觀指數(shù)方面看,上海城市森林景觀生態(tài)質(zhì)量均低下,存在破碎化程度較高、景觀連接度較差、景觀斑塊邊界整齊單一、斑塊間生態(tài)過(guò)程聯(lián)系較弱等問(wèn)題。(2)上海城市森林物種組成與群落類(lèi)型基于201個(gè)樣地和816個(gè)樣方的調(diào)查,共記錄維管植物126科405屬567種,其中原生種246種,占總種數(shù)的43.4%;外來(lái)種僅22種,且21種為草本植物。不同生活型間,草本植物種數(shù)最多,為250種;常綠闊葉喬木雖僅占總種數(shù)的5.8%(33種),但累計(jì)頻率高達(dá)14.4%,尤以香樟(Cinanamomum camphora)和女貞(Ligustrum lucidum)累計(jì)頻率最高。上海城市森林群落類(lèi)型豐富,從森林起源和人為干擾影響角度,歸屬于自然次生林、近自然林、人工次生林和人工林4大森林類(lèi)型;其中以常綠闊葉林、常綠落葉闊葉混交林和落葉闊葉林為主,常綠闊葉林群落類(lèi)型較少,但少數(shù)群落類(lèi)型,如香樟群落,分布面積很廣;人工林中群落類(lèi)型豐富,但缺少在自然次生林中常見(jiàn)的群落類(lèi)型,如青岡(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)群落等。(3)上海城市森林群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征上海城市森林群落物種豐富度較高,豐富度為1-2種和3-5種的分別占10%,6種以上的占80%,其中6-10種的占27.2%,11-15種的占25.1%,15-20種占15.7%,20種以上的占12.8%;將森林群落中的植物歸類(lèi)后發(fā)現(xiàn),原生種的豐富度栽培種和栽培逸生種外來(lái)種;將森林按垂直結(jié)構(gòu)劃分后,喬木層、大灌層、小灌層和草本層豐富度分別為2.49、3.46、3.66和7.64;按森林類(lèi)型劃分,近自然林的豐富度人工次生林自然次生林人工林,人工林豐富度指數(shù)顯著低于前三者;在城鄉(xiāng)梯度上,群落內(nèi)原生種豐富度由中心城區(qū)至遠(yuǎn)郊逐漸增加。上海城市森林整體群落垂直結(jié)構(gòu)較為完整,以復(fù)層性結(jié)構(gòu)為主;但近郊、人工林和防護(hù)綠地中喬灌草結(jié)構(gòu)比例顯著低于其他類(lèi)型,且以純林為主�？傮w上,木本植物胸徑介于7～25 cm之間,屬于中幼林;近郊、人工林和防護(hù)綠地的胸徑變異系數(shù)和高度變異系數(shù)顯著低于其他類(lèi)型。近22%的人工林個(gè)體密度偏高,而其他森林類(lèi)型均處于適宜水平。本研究中71.7%樣方其林下有木本植物更新個(gè)體,分屬于54科102屬124種,占林木層總物種數(shù)的40.3%;其中混交林和垂直結(jié)構(gòu)豐富的群落中更新物種較豐富。自然次生林中占優(yōu)勢(shì)的糙葉樹(shù)(Aphananthe aspera)、青岡、紅楠(Machilus thunbergii)等物種在人工林中較為少見(jiàn),表明種源是限制林下自然更新的重要因素;此外,CCA分析表明土壤pH、容重、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量及喬木層蓋度,是影響更新層物種組成的環(huán)境因素。(4)上海城市森林物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)功能上海城市森林單位面積三維綠色體積綠量為5.79m3/m2,葉面積指數(shù)(LAI)平均為35.89,單位面積生物量和單位面積年凈增生物量分別為13.02kg/m2和1.75kg/m2/a;具有復(fù)層垂直結(jié)構(gòu)的森林群落其4個(gè)指標(biāo)均大于垂直結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的群落。人工次生林在葉面積指數(shù)、單位面積生物量和單位面積凈生物量3個(gè)指標(biāo)方面均為最高,自然次生林的單位面積體積綠量為最高。在城鄉(xiāng)梯度上,四個(gè)指標(biāo)均為中心城區(qū)遠(yuǎn)郊近郊,反映了城市環(huán)境梯度和群落結(jié)構(gòu)城鄉(xiāng)差異的綜合影響。上海城市森林常見(jiàn)物種的物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)功能存在種間差異,4個(gè)指標(biāo)均為喬木灌木草本、針葉樹(shù)闊葉樹(shù)、原生種外來(lái)種。此外,物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)功能在種內(nèi)存在差異,并主要受其所在地群落結(jié)構(gòu)和環(huán)境因子的影響:LAI、凈生物量(ABM)分別與個(gè)體密度、林冠層郁閉度呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);落葉樹(shù)種相較于常綠樹(shù)種,對(duì)環(huán)境變化更為敏感,其LAI和ABM與大氣污染指標(biāo),如PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2有顯著關(guān)聯(lián),且與土壤土壤容重正相關(guān)、與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)負(fù)相關(guān)。(5)上海城市森林生態(tài)質(zhì)量診斷選取上述研究中相關(guān)指標(biāo),采用主客觀賦權(quán)法,構(gòu)建上海城市森林生態(tài)質(zhì)量綜合評(píng)價(jià)體系,包括2個(gè)次目標(biāo)層,其中近自然度目標(biāo)層包括5個(gè)準(zhǔn)則層、共35個(gè)指標(biāo),景觀結(jié)構(gòu)目標(biāo)層包括2個(gè)準(zhǔn)則層、共8個(gè)指標(biāo);運(yùn)用該評(píng)價(jià)體系對(duì)上海城市森林生態(tài)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)估,結(jié)果表明:基于景觀-群落尺度,上海城市森林生態(tài)質(zhì)量總體低下,以中心城區(qū)最低,黃浦區(qū)最差,崇明區(qū)和松江區(qū)較好�；谌郝涑叨�,近自然度綜合評(píng)價(jià)值介于0.092～0.616,平均值為0.374,整體處于近自然度Ⅲ級(jí),即中度低效水平,其中混交林顯著高于其他群落類(lèi)型,垂直結(jié)構(gòu)豐富的群落高于垂直結(jié)構(gòu)單一的群落;城鄉(xiāng)梯度上,近郊顯著低于遠(yuǎn)郊和中心城區(qū);人工林顯著低于自然次生林、近自然林、人工次生林3種森林類(lèi)型;防護(hù)林顯著低于其他綠地類(lèi)型;按照近自然度綜合評(píng)價(jià)值的劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),自然次生林在近自然度V級(jí)(良好)以上高達(dá)87.5%,因而可以選擇自然次生林作為上海低效人工林近自然恢復(fù)的參照系。(6)低效森林生態(tài)恢復(fù)對(duì)策與途徑基于上海城市森林近自然度綜合評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果,針對(duì)低效森林存在的問(wèn)題,提出了生態(tài)恢復(fù)對(duì)策與途徑:首先綜合自然區(qū)劃、森林生態(tài)敏感程度以及主導(dǎo)功能定位、環(huán)境質(zhì)量等因素,劃分若干生態(tài)恢復(fù)單元,并基于各生態(tài)恢復(fù)單元森林的近自然度等級(jí),確定恢復(fù)目標(biāo);其次,低效森林恢復(fù)改造應(yīng)兼顧"適生境適群落"和"適功能適群落"兩個(gè)原則,不同生態(tài)恢復(fù)單元選擇適宜性植物種類(lèi)和群落類(lèi)型;此外,低效森林恢復(fù)改造宜結(jié)合多種技術(shù),包括土壤修復(fù)技術(shù)和撫育間伐、封育補(bǔ)植和更新改造等森林管理措施。
[Abstract]:City forest as an important part of the important city of green infrastructure and ecological system, in improving the city's ecological environment, protecting biodiversity, improve the city's comprehensive competitiveness, has an irreplaceable position. Under the background of Rapid City, from different scales of assessment and multi dimension of ecological quality system on the structure and function of city forest the diagnosis, and its restricting factors, put forward the corresponding measures, will be conducive to building a reasonable layout, structure and improve the efficient function of the city forest. This study takes Shanghai city as the study area, city forest as the research object, based on the analysis of forest spatial distribution pattern, the 201 city city forest sample 816 plots, community survey, three-dimensional green green volume calculation of main species, leaf area index, biomass and net biomass material production function, purpose In the landscape, reveal the differences of status and spatial forest structure and function of Shanghai city community and individual level, the coupling relationship between the main environmental impact factors and the structure and function; and the Shanghai city forest landscape spatial distribution, species composition, community structure and ecological function of multiple dimensions of comprehensive evaluation diagnosis and ecological quality problems, to explore ways to restore and rebuild the inefficient forest city, in order to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the Shanghai city forest construction and subsequent transformation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) on forest spatial distribution in Haicheng city based on remote sensing image distribution pattern in August 2015 and 2014 of Shanghai forest resources, forest patches in Shanghai information extraction and interpretation, and analysis of the landscape spatial pattern, the results show that the Shanghai city forest mainly in large patches and large plaque distribution; The urban-rural gradient, the total forest area showing the outer suburb suburban city center pattern, but the forest coverage rate is better than that of suburban suburban and urban centres; the landscape scale, regardless of the landscape or landscape index, Shanghai city forest landscape ecological quality is low, higher deposit in the degree of fragmentation, landscape connectivity is poor, landscape patch boundary in a single, ecological relation is weak and other issues between patches. (2) Shanghai city forest species composition and community types based on the investigation of 201 sample plots and 816 plots were recorded, 126 families of vascular plants in 405 genera and 567 species, including 246 species of native species, accounting for 43.4% of the total species; only 22 species of alien species and, 21 kinds of herbs. Different types of life, herb species 250; 5.8% evergreen broad-leaved trees was only the total species (33 species), but the cumulative frequency of up to 14.4%, especially in the camphor (Cinanamomum and camphora) Privet (Ligustrum lucidum) has the highest frequency. Shanghai city forest community types, from the point of origin of forest and man-made interference, attributable to natural secondary forest, near natural forest, 4 forest types of artificial forest and artificial forest; evergreen broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest types the community is less, but a small number of community types, such as camphor community, a very wide distribution area; artificial forest community type is rich, but the lack of community types common in natural secondary forests, such as beech (Cyclobalanopsis glauca) community. (3) Shanghai city forest community structure of forest communities in Shanghai city the higher species richness, richness of 1-2 and an 3-5 accounted for 10%, more than 6 kinds of 6-10 accounted for 80%, which accounted for 27.2%, 11-15 accounted for 25.1%, 15-20 accounted for 15.7%, more than 20 accounted for 12.8%; the forest community The plant classification showed that native species richness of cultivated and naturalized species cultivated exotic species; the forest by the vertical structure into tree layer, shrub layer, large, small shrub layer and herb layer were 2.49,3.46,3.66 and 7.64 respectively; divided by forest types, near natural forest the abundance of artificial secondary forest natural forest artificial forest, plantation species richness index was significantly lower than that of the former three; in the urban and rural gradient, native species richness increased gradually in the community from the city center to the suburb of Shanghai city. The whole forest community vertical structure is complete, with double layer structure; but the suburbs, grass and shrub structure proportion of plantation and protective greenbelt was significantly lower than that of YISHION and other types of forest. On the whole, DBH between woody plants 7 ~ 25 cm, belonging to the young; the suburbs, DBH variation coefficient of plantation and protective green and high coefficient of variation was significantly lower than that of Other types of artificial forests. The individual density high of nearly 22%, while other forest types were in the appropriate level. There are woody plants in this study, 71.7% individuals to update the forest plots, belonging to 54 families and 102 genera and 124 species, accounting for the total property of tree layer species of 40.3%; the renewal of mixed forest and rich community vertical structure the species are abundant. Aphananthe advantage in natural secondary forest (Aphananthe aspera), Cyclobalanopsis, Machilus (Machilus thunbergii) and other species is rare in plantation, that kind of source is an important limiting factor of forest natural regeneration; in addition, CCA analysis showed that soil pH, bulk density, organic matter content and tree layer coverage, is the environmental factors affecting the regeneration layer species composition. (4) Shanghai city forest material production function of Shanghai city forest unit area three-dimensional green green volume was 5.79m3/m2, the leaf area index (LAI) averaged 35.89, biomass per unit area Unit area and net biomass was 13.02kg/m2 and 1.75kg/m2/a respectively; with complex forest community vertical structure of the 4 layer were greater than that of the vertical structure of simple artificial secondary forest communities. The leaf area index, net biomass per unit area biomass per unit area and 3 side index were the highest, the volume of unit green area the natural secondary forest was the highest. In the urban-rural gradient, four indexes as the center of the city's outer suburbs, reflects the combined effects of different city environmental gradient and community structure in urban and rural areas. The material production work of Shanghai city forest common species can exist among species, 4 indexes of trees and shrubs and herbs, conifer broadleaf trees, native exotics. In addition, the material production function in memory in the difference, which is mainly affected by the local community structure and environmental factors: LAI, net biomass (ABM) respectively with a volume density of forest The canopy density was negatively correlated; deciduous trees compared to evergreen tree species, are more sensitive to environmental change, the LAI and ABM and air pollution index, such as PM_ (2.5), SO_2 had a significant correlation with NO_2, and positively correlated with soil bulk density, and negatively with soil organic matter (5) in Shanghai city. Forest ecological quality diagnosis, select the relevant indicators in the study, the subjective and objective weighting method to construct the comprehensive evaluation system of forest ecological quality of Shanghai City, including 2 sub target layer, the naturalness of the target layer includes 5 criterion layers, a total of 35 indicators, the landscape structure target layer includes 2 criterion layers, a total of 8 by using the evaluation indicators; evaluation system of forest ecological quality in Shanghai City, the results showed that: Landscape - community scale based on Shanghai city forest ecological quality is generally low, the central city of Huangpu District is the worst, the lowest, Chongming district and Songjiang District based on the community better. The scale and naturalness of the comprehensive evaluation value from 0.092 to 0.616, with an average of 0.374, in the naturalness of grade III, which is moderately low level, which was significantly higher than other mixed forest community types, the vertical structure of community is higher than that of single rich community vertical structure; urban-rural gradient, suburban and urban centres were significantly lower than that of outer suburbs; plantation was significantly lower than that of natural secondary forest, near natural forest, artificial forest 3 forest types; protection forest was significantly lower than other types of green space; in accordance with the standards of comprehensive evaluation of near natural value, the natural secondary forest in the naturalness of class V (good) or as high as 87.5%, it can be used as a Shanghai plantation near natural recovery efficiency the reference system of natural secondary forest. (6) the inefficient Forest Ecological Restoration Countermeasures and ways of Shanghai city forest naturalness evaluation based on the results, aiming at the existing problems of inefficient forest. The ecological restoration measures and approaches: the first comprehensive natural zoning, forest ecological sensitivity and leading function, quality and other environmental factors, divided into several ecological restoration unit, based on close to nature forest restoration the ecological unit level, the objective of recovering; secondly, inefficient forest restoration and reconstruction should be "suitable habitat and community" "fitness function community" two principles, choose suitable types of different ecological restoration unit of plant species and communities; in addition, inefficient forest restoration and reconstruction should be combined with a variety of techniques, including soil remediation and thinning, fencing and replanting and renewal of forest management measures.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S718.5

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