本文選題：廣州 + 凈初級生產(chǎn)力　； 參考：《中山大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著經(jīng)濟、人口的發(fā)展,城市化在中國乃至全世界迅速蔓延,城市化過程中所伴生的環(huán)境問題從城市、區(qū)域乃至全球尺度都影響著地球表層的自然現(xiàn)象和生態(tài)過程,并導致土地利用/土地覆蓋(Land use and land cover,LULC)發(fā)生重大變化,從而直接影響植被凈初級生產(chǎn)力(Net primary productivity,NPP)。研究城市擴張、土地覆蓋變化及其對NPP的影響,可以更好地了解城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結構和功能的變化對社會自然環(huán)境變化的反饋作用。本研究以華南地區(qū)最大的城市—廣州作為研究地,首先分析了1979-2013年廣州城市化過程的特征及LULC變化,并基于CASA(Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach)模型估算了廣州市2001-2013年逐月NPP,分析了2001-2013年廣州市NPP年際、季節(jié)的時空格局變化,進一步探討了13年來城市化過程中土地覆蓋變化和氣候變化對NPP的影響。主要研究結果如下:(1)城市大面積擴張,導致土地覆蓋顯著變化。1979-2013年,廣州建成區(qū)面積共增加了1512.24 km2,年均增長率為11.3%,城市擴張經(jīng)歷了四個不同階段:低速發(fā)展(1979-1990)、快速發(fā)展(1990-2001)、高速發(fā)展(2001-2009)及穩(wěn)定發(fā)展(2009-2013)。城市擴張導致土地格局發(fā)生重大變化,耕地被嚴重破壞,35年間減少了1746.06 km2,約有769.46 km2的耕地轉化為建設用地;林地和農(nóng)田森林過渡帶面積大幅度減少;城市景觀趨于破碎化。(2)2001-2013年,在時間尺度上,廣州及其5片區(qū)NPP呈現(xiàn)減少趨勢。13年中,整個研究區(qū)NPP年變化趨勢為-8.57 NPP g C/m2,共減少0.38 Tg C。5片區(qū)中,中心片區(qū)NPP年均值最低(292.06 g C/m2),東北片區(qū)最高(1067.31g C/m2),中心、南部和北部片區(qū)NPP在研究期內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)極顯著減少趨勢(p0.01)。NPP在空間分布上存在明顯差異,且年際變化明顯。在不同方向樣帶中,中-北樣帶NPP均值最高為431.76 g C/m2,中-南樣帶最低為337.53 g C/m2,樣方NPP值從東、南和北向中心均呈現(xiàn)顯著減少趨勢。除2005-2009時段,其他時段內(nèi)大部分區(qū)域NPP均呈減少狀態(tài)。在像元尺度上,中心、北部和南部片區(qū)NPP距平變異程度較大,根據(jù)NPP像元斜率變化,北部片區(qū)NPP減少趨勢最為明顯,平均值達到-14.98%,其次為南部片區(qū)(-8.44%);NPP減少顯著和極顯著的區(qū)域約有28.3%集中在北部片區(qū),NPP增加顯著和極顯著區(qū)域則集中在以林地為主的東北片區(qū)。(3)研究期內(nèi)不同季節(jié)和不同植被的NPP均存在顯著差異。NPP最高值出現(xiàn)在夏季(454.39 g C/m2),最低值出現(xiàn)在冬季(54.08 g C/m2)。13年中NPP在夏季減少最明顯,年變化趨勢為-4.18 g C/m2,冬季最不明顯為-0.99 g C/m2;在像元尺度上,四個季節(jié)的NPP均呈現(xiàn)減少趨勢,且減少不顯著(p0.05)的面積比例最高。在不同植被類型中,常綠闊葉林的NPP均值最高(1327.22 g C/m2),灌叢的最低(483.08 g C/m2),且不同土地覆蓋類型的NPP值在東北片區(qū)最高,在中心片區(qū)最低。(4)城市化過程對NPP產(chǎn)生顯著影響。利用距城市中心點不同距離的緩沖區(qū)法進行分析,5 km范圍內(nèi)的NPP均值最低(179.41 g C/m2),70 km范圍內(nèi)的最高(1225.87 g C/m2),且隨著距城市中心距離的增大,不同距離緩沖區(qū)內(nèi)NPP均值呈現(xiàn)極顯著增大(p0.001)趨勢。人類活動范圍和強度與NPP呈現(xiàn)顯著負相關;10-40 km緩沖區(qū)范圍內(nèi)人類活動強度在13年內(nèi)增加了0.1802,導致NPP減少最明顯;不同土地覆蓋類型的NPP均值和在5 km范圍內(nèi)最低,在40 km的范圍內(nèi)最高,但在10-40 km緩沖區(qū)內(nèi)減少最明顯。(5)土地覆蓋變化導致NPP發(fā)生重大變化。在土地相互轉換過程中,不同土地類型的轉出和轉入對NPP變化產(chǎn)生顯著影響,除2005-2009時段外,其他時段內(nèi)的土地轉換均導致NPP總量減少。通過對2001耕地和2013建筑用地基準范圍、NPP減少顯著和極顯著范圍內(nèi)的土地覆蓋和NPP變化的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)城市的大范圍擴張及耕地的大幅度縮減是導致三個范圍內(nèi)NPP均值顯著減少的主要原因。土地利用和土地覆蓋變化導致的NPP損失(NPPlulc)在空間上存在明顯差異。研究期間,中心片區(qū)NPPlulc均值最高達到1353.05 g C/m2,其次為南部片區(qū)為1248.21 g C/m2,東北片區(qū)最低為521.83 g C/m2。在空間變化上,不同方向樣帶由于城市開發(fā)及土地覆蓋變化強度不同,導致NPPlulc差異明顯,且樣方NPPlulc在中心向東、南、北的不同方向上均呈極顯著減少趨勢(p0.01)。(6)氣候變化顯著影響NPP變化。不同年份、不同季節(jié)、不同月份和不同覆蓋類型的NPP與溫度、太陽輻射均呈正相關,與降水呈負相關。綜合三個氣候因子對NPP的影響,研究區(qū)內(nèi)大部分區(qū)域NPP的變化主要由溫度和太陽輻射控制,而降水往往成為NPP積累的限制因子。地形因素極大影響林地NPP的變化,海拔對林地NPP的影響遠大于坡度和坡向對林地NPP的影響。(7)氣候和土地覆蓋變化對NPP的影響量和影響率均存在明顯差異。研究期內(nèi),在時間尺度上,由于氣候和土地覆蓋變化導致NPP分別減少了0.2892 T g C和0.4239 T g C。林地尤其是常綠闊葉林對氣候變化敏感,而受人類活動影響較大的土地類型,如耕地、農(nóng)田森林過渡帶和城市綠地(草地、灌草和木本草地)等,其NPP總量變化主要受土地覆蓋變化的影響。在空間尺度上,東北片區(qū)NPP多受氣候變化影響,北部、東部和南部片區(qū)NPP多受土地覆蓋變化影響,中心片區(qū)中部區(qū)域NPP則多受兩者交叉影響。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and population, urbanization is spreading rapidly in China and the whole world. The associated environmental problems in the process of urbanization affect the natural phenomena and ecological processes of the earth's surface from cities, regions and even global scales, and lead to significant changes in land use / land cover (Land use and land cover, LULC). Net primary productivity (NPP). The study of urban expansion, land cover change and its impact on NPP can better understand the feedback effect of urban ecosystem structure and function changes on social and natural environment changes. This study takes the largest city in Southern China as the research site, first of all. The characteristics and LULC changes of the urbanization process in Guangzhou in the past 1979-2013 years are analyzed. Based on the CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) model, the month by month NPP of Guangzhou city is estimated. The temporal and spatial pattern changes of Guangzhou city NPP year and season are analyzed. The change of land cover and climate change in the course of urbanization in the past 13 years is further discussed. The main research results are as follows: (1) the large area expansion of the city led to a significant change in land cover for.1979-2013 years, the area of Guangzhou built-up area increased by 1512.24 km2, the average annual growth rate was 11.3%, and the urban expansion experienced four different stages: low speed development (1979-1990), rapid development (1990-2001), high-speed development (2001-2009) and stability. Development (2009-2013). Urban expansion resulted in significant changes in the land pattern, severely damaged cultivated land, reduced by 1746.06 km2 in 35 years, about 769.46 km2 of cultivated land converted into constructive land; the area of forest and farmland forest transition zone decreased greatly; the urban landscape tended to break down. (2) 2001-2013 years, Guangzhou and 5 tablets on the time scale. The decrease trend of area NPP is.13 year, and the change trend of NPP year in the whole study area is -8.57 NPP g C/m2, which reduces the 0.38 Tg C.5 region, the mean value of the central region is the lowest (292.06 g C/m2), the northeast region is the highest, and the center, the South and the northern region show a very significant decreasing trend in the study period. There are obvious differences, and the interannual variation is obvious. In the different direction samples, the NPP mean of middle to North sample belt is 431.76 g C/m2, the Middle South sample is 337.53 g C/m2, and the NPP value of the sample square shows a significant decreasing trend from the East, the South and the north to the center. Except for the 2005-2009 period, the NPP in most regions is reduced. In the central, central, northern and southern regions, the NPP anomaly has a greater degree of variation. According to the variation of the slope of NPP pixel, the trend of NPP reduction in the northern region is the most obvious, the average value reaches -14.98%, the next is the southern region (-8.44%), and the significant and extremely significant regions of the NPP decrease about 28.3% in the northern region. NPP increases significantly and the extremely significant regions are concentrated in the region. (3) there was a significant difference in NPP between different seasons and different vegetation in the study period. The highest value of.NPP appeared in summer (454.39 g C/m2). The lowest value appeared in winter (54.08 g C/m2) and NPP decreased most obviously in summer, and the annual variation trend was -4.18 g C/m2. The NPP of the four seasons showed a decreasing trend, and the area ratio of P0.05 was the highest. In the different vegetation types, the average NPP of evergreen broad-leaved forest was the highest (1327.22 g C/m2), the lowest (483.08 g C/m2), and the NPP value of different land cover types was the highest in the northeast area and the lowest in the central area. (4) the urbanization process to NPP The NPP mean in the range of 5 km is the lowest (179.41 g C/m2) and the highest (1225.87 g C/m2) within the range of 70 km, and with the increase of distance from the city center, the mean NPP mean in different distance buffers shows a very significant increase (p0.001) trend. Human activity range. And intensity and NPP showed significant negative correlation; 10-40 km buffer zone within the range of human activity increased by 0.1802 in 13 years, leading to the most obvious decrease in NPP; the NPP mean of different land cover types and the lowest in the 5 km range, the highest in the 40 km range, but the most obvious decrease in the 10-40 km buffer zone. (5) land cover change led to NPP hair In the process of land conversion, the transfer and transfer of different land types have a significant impact on the change of NPP. In addition to the 2005-2009 period, the land conversion in other periods leads to the decrease of the total amount of NPP. Through the baseline range of 2001 cultivated land and 2013 building land use, NPP reduces land cover and NPP in a significant and extremely significant range. The main reason for the significant decrease in the NPP mean of the three ranges was the large scale expansion of the city and the large reduction of the cultivated land. The NPP loss (NPPlulc) caused by land use and land cover change was significantly different in space. During the study, the mean NPPlulc in the central area was up to 1353.05 g C/m2, followed by the study. The southern section is 1248.21 g C/m2, and the lowest 521.83 g C/m2. in the northeast region is in space change. The difference of different direction samples, due to the different intensity of urban development and land cover change, leads to the obvious difference in NPPlulc, and the sample NPPlulc in the center to the East, the South and the north is significantly reduced (P0.01). (6) the climate change has a significant influence. NPP changes. The NPP of different seasons, different seasons, different months and different types of coverage are positively correlated with the temperature and solar radiation, and it has a negative correlation with precipitation. The influence of three climatic factors on NPP, the change of NPP in most areas of the study area is mainly controlled by temperature and solar radiation, and precipitation often becomes a limiting factor for the accumulation of NPP. The terrain factors greatly affect the change of NPP in woodland, and the influence of altitude on the NPP of woodland is much greater than that of slope and slope to the NPP of woodland. (7) there is a significant difference between the influence and influence of climate and land cover change on NPP. In the time scale, the climate and land cover change resulted in the decrease of NPP by 0.2892 T g C, respectively. And 0.4239 T g C. woodlands, especially evergreen broad-leaved forests, are sensitive to climate change, and the land types, such as cultivated land, farmland forest transition zone and urban green space (grassland, grass and woody grassland), are mainly affected by land cover changes, such as cultivated land, farmland and forest, and in the spatial scale, the NPP of northeast region is mostly affected by climate change. In the northern, Eastern and southern parts of the area, NPP is more affected by land cover change. NPP in the central area of the central area is mostly influenced by the two.
【學位授予單位】：中山大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：Q948

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