本文選題：繁殖對(duì)策 + 種內(nèi)巢寄生��； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：種內(nèi)巢寄生(CBP)是廣泛存在的雌性選擇性繁殖對(duì)策。寄生個(gè)體將卵產(chǎn)于同種其它個(gè)體巢中,并由后者代為照顧子代而節(jié)省能量投入。研究者對(duì)種間巢寄生(IBP)的研究較為深入,但對(duì)CBP研究相對(duì)較少,包括鴛鴦Aix galericulata在內(nèi)的很多物種CBP的發(fā)生機(jī)制尚不清楚。先前對(duì)鴛鴦CBP的研究,主要通過(guò)野外觀(guān)察的方法鑒定寄生,但非分子方法常表現(xiàn)出較低的精度。本研究利用分子標(biāo)記技術(shù)對(duì)鴛鴦種內(nèi)巢寄生行為進(jìn)行了研究,探討鴛鴦CBP發(fā)生的影響因素。鴛鴦原生種群的相關(guān)研究很少,本研究對(duì)人工巢箱條件下該物種的繁殖生態(tài)進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。每巢的日產(chǎn)卵率為1.1枚/日,成功孵化巢的窩卵數(shù)為13.4枚,棄巢率47.5%,孵化成功率85.5%。環(huán)志研究發(fā)現(xiàn)鴛鴦雌鳥(niǎo)具有棲息地忠實(shí)性,約40%雌性成鳥(niǎo)次年仍返回原繁殖地�；诜肿訕�(biāo)記的親權(quán)分析結(jié)果顯示:鴛鴦CBP發(fā)生頻率(寄生巢:77.5%;寄生后代:40.9%)明顯高于以往對(duì)鴛鴦原生種群和引進(jìn)種群的研究結(jié)果,且較多數(shù)利用分子手段進(jìn)行寄生鑒定的水鳥(niǎo)CBP發(fā)生頻率高。本研究比較了分子方法與基于產(chǎn)卵節(jié)律、窩卵數(shù)或卵形態(tài)差異三種非分子方法鑒定巢寄生的準(zhǔn)確性,基于巢日產(chǎn)卵數(shù)量、窩卵數(shù)及卵形態(tài)的鑒定結(jié)果均在不同程度上低估了寄生頻率(分別將30.4%、27.5%和12.5%的繁殖巢誤判為非寄生巢)。其中,卵形態(tài)鑒定法較為可靠,且省時(shí)省力,鑒定結(jié)果具有一定參考價(jià)值。對(duì)鴛鴦寄主繁殖對(duì)策研究發(fā)現(xiàn):1)CBP不是巢址競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的副產(chǎn)物,半數(shù)以上巢箱未被占用,巢址可獲得性不是限制因素;卵添加實(shí)驗(yàn)導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)寄生卵的巢均未被雌性接管孵化(無(wú)巢競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者出現(xiàn))。2)CBP是鴛鴦一種選擇性繁殖對(duì)策,在同一繁殖季每個(gè)寄生個(gè)體同時(shí)采取占巢產(chǎn)卵和寄生兩種繁殖方式;同一雌性個(gè)體在不同年份的繁殖對(duì)策(寄生與非寄生)不同;CBP發(fā)生的時(shí)間貫穿整個(gè)繁殖季。3)寄主對(duì)宿主的選擇與巢間距無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。4)每個(gè)寄主選擇多個(gè)宿主巢產(chǎn)卵,每個(gè)寄主平均產(chǎn)4.89 ±2.98(1-13,n=35)個(gè)寄生卵;寄生卵平均分布于2.66±1.3(1-6;n = 35)個(gè)巢中;在每個(gè)宿主巢內(nèi)平均產(chǎn)1.65±1.08(1-5,n = 89)個(gè)卵。針對(duì)寄主寄生原因的眾多假說(shuō),本研究結(jié)果與增加繁殖力假說(shuō)一致。宿主代價(jià)研究結(jié)果表明:1)較大的窩卵數(shù)需要更長(zhǎng)的孵化期,每增加一枚卵孵化期延長(zhǎng)0.14天。窩卵數(shù)增加未顯著降低出雛率,且出雛率在寄生與非寄生巢間無(wú)顯著差異;2)CBP未影響宿主在自身巢中的產(chǎn)卵數(shù)量和總卵數(shù)(宿主無(wú)窩卵數(shù)調(diào)整且很少拒絕寄生卵);3)鴛鴦棄巢率較高,且47.5%(n = 40)棄巢不能排除受CBP影響;根據(jù)理論公式估測(cè),只有當(dāng)宿主卵數(shù)/寄主卵數(shù)比值1/6時(shí),棄巢代價(jià)會(huì)小于孵化代價(jià),因鴛鴦棄巢行為多發(fā)生在產(chǎn)卵階段,且產(chǎn)卵數(shù)較少時(shí),因此,棄巢可能對(duì)宿主的繁殖適合度影響較小。4)宿主和寄主存在較近的親緣關(guān)系,鴛鴦的巢寄生行為可能會(huì)增加宿主兼性適合度收益。總之,鴛鴦寄生個(gè)體將寄生卵分配于多個(gè)宿主巢,且宿主和寄主存在較近的親緣關(guān)系,雖棄巢可能是其采取的反寄生對(duì)策,但棄巢可能對(duì)宿主的繁殖適合度影響較小,因此,CBP可能是鴛鴦雌性個(gè)體增加適合度收益的一種選擇性繁殖對(duì)策。未來(lái)仍需開(kāi)展深入研究,確定宿主和寄主詳盡的適合度收益和代價(jià),以充分c彩駒а霤BP進(jìn)化的適應(yīng)機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:The nests parasitism (CBP) is a widely existing female selective breeding strategy. The parasitic individual produces eggs in other individual nests and is replaced by the latter generation to save energy. Researchers have studied the nests parasitism (IBP) more deeply, but there are relatively few studies on CBP, including many species of C, including the mandarin duck Aix galericulata. The mechanism of the occurrence of BP is still unclear. Previously, the study of mandarin ducks CBP mainly identified parasitism by field observation, but the non molecular methods often showed low accuracy. This study used molecular markers to study the parasitism of the nests in mandarin ducks and explore the influencing factors of the origin of mandarin ducks CBP. In this study, the reproductive ecology of the species under the artificial nest box was investigated. The egg rate per nest was 1.1 / day, the number of nest eggs was 13.4, the rate of abandoned nest was 47.5%. The success rate of hatching 85.5%. discovered that the mandarin duck had a habitat loyalty, and about 40% female adult birds returned to the original breeding ground in the next year. The results of parental weight analysis of sub markers showed that the frequency of CBP (parasitic nest: 77.5%; parasitic progeny: 40.9%) was significantly higher than the previous studies on the primary and imported populations of mandarin ducks, and the frequency of water birds CBP was higher than most of the parasitic identification by molecular means. This study compared the molecular methods and eggs based on oviposition and nest eggs. Three non molecular methods were used to identify the accuracy of nest parasitism. Based on the number of nest eggs, number of fossa eggs and egg morphology, the parasitic frequency was underestimated to varying degrees (30.4%, 27.5% and 12.5% of the reproductive nests were misjudged as non parasitic nests, respectively). The results showed a certain reference value. The study of the host breeding of mandarin ducks found that: 1) CBP is not a by-product of the competition of the nest site, more than half of the nest box is not occupied, the availability of nest site is not a limiting factor; the egg addition experiment leads to the nest of parasitic eggs which are not hatched by the female takeover (no nest competitor appears).2) CBP is a selective propagation of mandarin ducks. In the same breeding season, each parasitic individual took two species of eggs and parasitism at the same time; the reproductive strategies of the same female individuals were different in different years (parasitism and non parasitism); the time of CBP occurred throughout the whole breeding season.3) the host selection had no significant correlation with the nest distance of host.4). The host nest spawned, each host produced an average of 4.89 + 2.98 (1-13, n=35) parasitic eggs, and the parasitic eggs were distributed in 2.66 + 1.3 (1-6; n = 35) nests, with an average of 1.65 + 1.08 (1-5, n = 89) eggs in each host nest. The results of this study were in accordance with the hypothesis that the host parasitism was due to the increase of the fecundity hypothesis. The results of the host cost study showed that 1) 1) the number of larger nest eggs needs longer incubation period, and the incubation period of each egg is prolonged by 0.14 days. The number of nest eggs is not significantly reduced, and there is no significant difference between the parasitic and non parasitic nests; 2) CBP does not affect the number of eggs and the total number of eggs in the host's nest (the number of host eggs without the nest egg is adjusted and the parasitic egg is rarely rejected); 3) The abandoned nest rate of mandarin ducks is high, and the 47.5% (n = 40) abandoned nest can not exclude the effect of CBP. According to the theoretical formula, it is estimated that the cost of abandoning nesting will be less than the cost of hatching when the host egg number / host egg number ratio is 1/6, because the abandoned nest behavior of the mandarin ducks is mostly in the spawning stage, and the number of eggs is less, therefore, the abandoning nest may affect the reproductive fitness of the host. Small.4) there is a close relationship between the host and host, and the parasitic behavior of the mandarin ducks may increase the benefit of the host facultative fitness. In a word, the parasitic individuals of the mandarin ducks distribute the parasitic eggs in many host nests, and there is a close relationship between the host and the host, although the abandoned nest may be the anti parasitic countermeasure it takes, but the abandoned nest may be against the host. The effect of reproductive fitness is small, so CBP may be a selective breeding strategy to increase the fitness benefit of female ducks. In the future, further research is still needed to determine the suitable degree of benefit and cost of host and host for the adaptation mechanism of BP evolution of C colourful colt.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：Q958

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