本文選題：生物擾動(dòng)　切入點(diǎn)：顫蚓　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：沉積物是自然水體的重要組成部分,水-沉積物界面附近的物理化學(xué)特征變化會(huì)對水體環(huán)境質(zhì)量、營養(yǎng)組成以及環(huán)境污染物的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程等方面產(chǎn)生顯著的影響。在水-沉積物界面生活著數(shù)量巨大的水體底棲生物,它們的攝食、排泄、筑穴和呼吸等生命活動(dòng),會(huì)直接或間接地對水-沉積物界面附近的理化特征以及污染物的環(huán)境行為產(chǎn)生影響。因此,生物擾動(dòng)是影響自然水-沉積物體系和其中污染物的環(huán)境行為的重要因素。正因?yàn)槿绱?生物擾動(dòng)作用受到廣泛的關(guān)注,在水體污染物、水環(huán)境營養(yǎng)組成、沉積物生物地球化學(xué)特征和水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)等多方面的科學(xué)研究工作中,生物擾動(dòng)都被視為重要的研究對象。在自然淡水水體當(dāng)中,寡毛綱底棲生物顫蚓的生物擾動(dòng)具有很強(qiáng)的代表性,顫蚓在全球范圍內(nèi)分布非常廣泛,雖然生物個(gè)體較小,但生物密度較高。在相對平靜的水體環(huán)境中,如湖泊、水庫、池塘以及水流較緩的河流等,顫蚓生物擾動(dòng)作用對水體的理化特征和污染物的環(huán)境行為會(huì)產(chǎn)生不可忽視的影響。目前,顫蚓生物擾動(dòng)對水體中部分污染物遷移轉(zhuǎn)化過程的影響已經(jīng)基本明確,但作用機(jī)制尚未清楚。因此,本論文以顫蚓作為擾動(dòng)生物,從以下幾方面內(nèi)容進(jìn)行研究。為了研究顫蚓擾動(dòng)對沉積物內(nèi)部物理結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,研究了在顫蚓存在的條件下,沉積物孔穴和孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)的變化規(guī)律。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)建立微宇宙模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)體系,在保持沉積物的完整性不受到破壞的前提下,利用X射線連續(xù)斷層掃描(CT)技術(shù)和數(shù)碼圖像技術(shù),研究顫蚓孔穴和沉積物內(nèi)部較大孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)的分布和變化特征;通過添加人工污染沉積物,研究在重金屬污染的沉積物體系中,沉積物孔穴和孔隙的變化情況。結(jié)果表明,沉積物孔穴和孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)的截面積所占沉積物斷層面積的比例,會(huì)隨顫蚓擾動(dòng)時(shí)間的延長而增加,同時(shí)孔穴和孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)也隨著生物密度的增大而增加。不同深度范圍內(nèi)沉積物中的孔穴和孔隙分布同樣與顫蚓的擾動(dòng)時(shí)間密切相關(guān):在顫蚓擾動(dòng)初期0-10 mm深度范圍內(nèi)的孔隙比例較高,0-30 mm范圍內(nèi)孔穴較多,在11-19 d時(shí)30-60 mm深度范圍內(nèi)孔穴和孔隙都有明顯增加;且孔隙分布與顫蚓孔穴的分布密切相關(guān)。顫蚓擾動(dòng)還使沉積物的氧化帶厚度增加。在顫蚓擾動(dòng)體系中,受到重金屬污染沉積物的氧化帶厚度減小,顫蚓孔穴結(jié)構(gòu)的截面積減小,但孔隙截面積增加。在Cu、Cd和Pb單一重金屬污染物當(dāng)中,Cu對顫蚓生物擾動(dòng)體系中孔穴和孔隙的影響最強(qiáng),三種重金屬聯(lián)合污染的影響大于單一重金屬污染。為了研究顫蚓對水-沉積物體系中物質(zhì)交換作用的影響,通過對分層填加含有Ba SO4標(biāo)記物的沉積物進(jìn)行CT掃描,研究了不同深度范圍的沉積物顆粒在顫蚓擾動(dòng)作用下的遷移規(guī)律;通過在指定深度添加重金屬污染沉積物層,研究顫蚓對重金屬污染物在沉積物內(nèi)部遷移作用的影響。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,顫蚓擾動(dòng)使沉積物內(nèi)部的顆粒物發(fā)生遷移,特別是使20-50 mm深度范圍內(nèi)的沉積物顆粒向上遷移,并不斷沉積于水-沉積物界面附近,原有的水-沉積物界面在這種沉積作用下向下遷移,出現(xiàn)在20-50 mm深度范圍,從而使沉積物顆粒在一定深度范圍內(nèi)持續(xù)循環(huán)。在含有重金屬Pb和Cd污染的沉積物中,顫蚓的擾動(dòng)在促進(jìn)沉積物表層的污染物向上覆水釋放的同時(shí),會(huì)使Pb和Cd隨沉積物顆粒一起向沉積物內(nèi)部遷移。在顫蚓擾動(dòng)下,20-50 mm深度范圍的重金屬污染向沉積物表層遷移。在單位時(shí)間內(nèi),重金屬污染物的遷移量會(huì)隨顫蚓擾動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的增大而增加,但兩者并不存在明顯的比例關(guān)系。為了探究顫蚓對水-沉積物體系化學(xué)成分的影響,以顫蚓孔穴為中心,研究孔穴附近微環(huán)境的部分化學(xué)特征指標(biāo)的分布和變化規(guī)律。通過室內(nèi)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn),使用剖面微電極工作系統(tǒng),研究了顫蚓孔穴附近微環(huán)境的p H、DO和氧化還原電位值,在水平和垂直方向上的分布和變化規(guī)律。研究結(jié)果表明,上覆水和沉積物的p H會(huì)隨時(shí)間的延長,呈現(xiàn)出先升高再降低隨后趨于穩(wěn)定的變化趨勢,而在顫蚓擾動(dòng)下,p H的降低會(huì)出現(xiàn)滯后性。在水平方向上,顫蚓擾動(dòng)使沉積物表面的p H以顫蚓孔穴為中心出現(xiàn)下降(最多達(dá)0.3 p H單位),這種下降作用可影響孔穴周圍半徑1 mm的范圍。擾動(dòng)時(shí)間相同時(shí),顫蚓孔穴處的p H在垂直方向上變化較小。在無顫蚓的體系中,上覆水的DO濃度和氧化還原電位值變化較小,但沉積物DO濃度和氧化還原電位值均隨時(shí)間的延長而逐漸降低。顫蚓擾動(dòng)降低了上覆水DO濃度和氧化還原電位值,但且使顫蚓孔穴附近沉積物表面DO濃度和氧化還原電位的升高,與無顫蚓的體系相比,顫蚓孔穴附近DO濃度可升高9.2-17.0μmol/L。同時(shí),顫蚓增加了DO在沉積物中的滲透深度,使最大滲透深度從3 mm增加到5 mm。顫蚓孔穴附近沉積物的氧化還原電位與DO濃度的變化規(guī)律相似。因此,沉積物中顫蚓的存在可通過改變上覆水和沉積物微環(huán)境的p H、DO和氧化還原電位的分布特征,進(jìn)而影響水-沉積物界面附近污染物的環(huán)境行為。為了了解顫蚓擾動(dòng)的生物化學(xué)作用,研究了顫蚓產(chǎn)生的溶解性有機(jī)物(DOM)溶液對重金屬污染在沉積物上吸附作用的影響。在室內(nèi)對顫蚓生物樣品進(jìn)行培養(yǎng),獲取其產(chǎn)生的DOM溶液樣品,測量其TOC含量,并采用紫外-可見吸收、三維熒光和同步熒光光譜技術(shù),對不同培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的DOM溶液進(jìn)行表征。在具有顫蚓DOM溶液的條件下,進(jìn)行Pb和Cd在沉積物中的吸附動(dòng)力學(xué)和吸附熱力學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。研究結(jié)果表明,顫蚓產(chǎn)生的DOM中很可能含有色氨酸和酪氨酸結(jié)構(gòu),且DOM中色氨酸和酪氨酸結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)隨培養(yǎng)時(shí)間的延長而增加。顫蚓產(chǎn)生的DOM抑制了沉積物顆粒對重金屬Pb和Cd的吸附作用,并且對Pb的抑制作用更加明顯。
[Abstract]:Sediment is an important part of natural water, water physical and chemical characteristics of sediments near the interface will change on water quality of the environment, have a significant effect of nutrition composition and environmental pollutants migration and transformation process. A large number of water benthic organisms living in the water sediment interface, their feeding, excretion, and nest breathing and other life activities, environmental behavior will influence directly or indirectly on the physicochemical characteristics of water sediment near the interface and pollutants. Therefore, biological disturbance is an important factor affecting the natural water sediment system and the pollutant environmental behavior. Because of this, bioturbation is widely concerned in water pollution water environment, nutrition, scientific research work on sediment biogeochemistry characteristics and aquatic ecosystems, biological disturbances are considered As an important research object. In natural freshwater bodies, Oligochaeta benthic tubifex bioturbation strongrepresentative, tubifex is widely distributed in the global scope, although individual small, but the biological density is higher. In the water environment is relatively calm, such as lakes, reservoirs, ponds and water a gentle River, the environmental behavior of Tubificid bioturbation on water physicochemical characteristics and pollutant effects will influence can not be ignored. At present, tubifex bioturbation effects on the part of the process of migration and transformation of pollutants in water has been basically clear, but the mechanism is not clear. Therefore, this paper takes t.tubifex as a biological disturbance, are studied from the following aspects. In order to study the effect of disturbance on t.tubifex physical structure of sediments, studied in tubifex under the condition of the existence of cavities and pore structure change of sediment The establishment of simulation experiment system of law. The micro universe in the laboratory, in the premise of maintaining the integrity of the sediment not damaged, using X ray continuous tomography (CT) technology and digital image technology, the characteristics of distribution and variation of t.tubifex cavities and internal pore structure of large sediment; by adding artificial contaminated sediments, research in the pollution of heavy metals in sediment systems, changes of sediment and pore cavity. The results showed that the cross-sectional area of the cavity and the sediment pore structure for sediment fault area ratio, with the extension of Tubificid bioturbation increasing time. At the same time, aperture and pore structure also increases with increasing the density of biological cavities and pore distribution of sediment. Different depth in the same time is closely associated with the disturbance of tubifex tubifex: perturbation in the initial pore ratio within the depth of 0-10 mm high 0-30 M The range of M cavity more, at 11-19 D and 30-60 mm within the depth of cavities and pore has increased significantly; and the distribution of pore distribution and t.tubifex cavities are closely related. The sediment disturbance t.tubifex oxidation zone thickness increases. In t.tubifex disturbed system, by oxidation of heavy metal pollution of sediments decreases with the thickness of the cross-sectional area, t.tubifex cavity structure decreases, but the pore area increased. In Cu, Cd and Pb single heavy metal pollutants, the influence of Cu on tubifex bioturbation cavities and pore system in the strongest effect of three kinds of heavy metal combined pollution is greater than that of single heavy metal pollution. In order to study the influence of water sediment t.tubifex material in the system of exchange, CT scan through the sediments on layered filling containing Ba SO4 markers, the study of sediment particles in different depth of the disturbance migration under the action of tubifex; by referring to Add depth heavy metal contaminated sediment layer, effects of tubifex on migration of heavy metal pollutants in the sediments inside. The experimental results show that the sediment particles of Tubificid bioturbation internal changes, especially the sediment particles within the depth of 20-50 mm upward migration, and continuous deposition in the vicinity of the sediment water interface, the original the water sediment interface in the sedimentation of downward migration, appeared in 20-50 mm depth, so that the sediment particles in continuous circulation in a certain depth range. In sediments containing heavy metals Pb and Cd pollution, t.tubifex disturbance released to the overlying water and surface sediments of the pollutants in the promotion, will make Pb and Cd together with sediment particles to the sediment internal migration. In t.tubifex perturbations, the migration of heavy metal pollution in the depth of 20-50 mm to the sediment surface. In the unit time, weight The migration amount of metal contaminants will increase with the strength of Tubificid bioturbation increased, but the two are not obvious. In order to explore the relationship between the proportion of t.tubifex impact on water sediment system of chemical composition, the tubifex hole as the center, distribution and variation of some chemical indexes of cavities near the micro environment. Through indoor simulation experiments using microelectrode system profile, studied the micro environment near t.tubifex hole DO and P H, redox potential, distribution and variation in horizontal and vertical direction. The results show that the overlying water and sediments of P H with time, showing the first increase and then decrease then tends to be stable, while in tubifex disturbance, decrease P H will appear lag. In the horizontal direction, the disturbance of the sediment surface tubifex tubifex in P H as the center hole decreased (up to 0.3 p This decline, H units) effect can influence surrounding the hole radius is 1 mm. The disturbance at the same time, the P H t.tubifex hole changes in the vertical direction is smaller. In the absence of t.tubifex system, DO concentration and oxidation reduction potential of overlying water changed little, but the sediment concentration and oxidation of DO the reduction potential gradually decreased with time. T.tubifex disturbance reduced the DO concentration of the overlying water and the redox potential values, but make t.tubifex hole sediment near the surface DO concentration and redox potential increased, compared with no tubifex tubifex system, cavity near the DO concentration can be increased by 9.2-17.0 mol/L. at the same time, tubifex increased the permeability of DO in sediment in depth, variation of the maximum penetration depth increased from 3 mm to 5 mm. tubifex hole near the oxidation reduction potential and DO sediment concentration is similar. Therefore, the sediment of tubifex in there by The change of overlying water and sediment micro environment of P H, DO and redox potential distribution, thereby affecting the environmental behavior of the water sediment interface near the pollutants. In order to understand the biochemical effects of tubifex tubifex disturbance, dissolved the organic matter (DOM) on the effect of solution on the adsorption of heavy metal pollution in sediment. In the interior of t.tubifex biological samples were cultured to obtain DOM solution samples from the measurement of the content of TOC, and UV Vis absorption, fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, DOM solution of different culture time were characterized. With tubifex DOM solution under the condition of adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics experiments of Pb and Cd in sediments. The results show that t.tubifex produces a DOM may contain tryptophan and tyrosine, tryptophan and tyrosine and DOM structure with culture The DOM produced by the vermis inhibited the adsorption of sediment particles on heavy metal Pb and Cd, and the inhibition of Pb was more obvious.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：X174;X52

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