本文關(guān)鍵詞： 生物入侵 全球變化 臭氧 二氧化碳 紫外輻射 氮沉降　出處：《南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：植物入侵作為全球變化的一個(gè)重要組成部分,與其他全球變化因子關(guān)系密切,相互作用,密不可分。探究入侵植物對(duì)全球變化因子的響應(yīng),對(duì)深入了解入侵植物的生理生態(tài)學(xué)變化,監(jiān)控外來植物入侵具有重要意義。二氧化碳濃度(C02)及臭氧(O_3)濃度升高、紫外(UV-B)輻射強(qiáng)度增強(qiáng)和氮沉降均是當(dāng)前全球變化的重要表現(xiàn)。這些外在環(huán)境因素的變化無論是對(duì)植物個(gè)體的生長與繁殖,還是對(duì)群落結(jié)構(gòu)變化以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的演替都會(huì)產(chǎn)生直接或間接的影響。另外,環(huán)境變化因子之間也常常相互影響,因而兩個(gè)及以上的環(huán)境因子的變化對(duì)植物的影響可能會(huì)發(fā)生一種非加和效應(yīng)。然而到目前為止,對(duì)于這四種環(huán)境變化因子之間的相互作用對(duì)植物的影響仍不明晰,特別是針對(duì)入侵植物的研究尤為少見。入侵植物之所以能夠成功入侵新地域,其原因一方面可能是由于入侵植物本身就具有比本土物種強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,另一方面可能是因?yàn)槿肭种参锉灰胄律澈笫芡饨绛h(huán)境因素的影響而發(fā)生了適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化進(jìn)而提高了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。因此,入侵物種與其入侵地的伴生物種,或入侵物種的入侵生態(tài)型與本土生態(tài)型對(duì)外界環(huán)境因素變化的響應(yīng)也可能存在明顯差異。本文主要圍繞O_3與其他環(huán)境因子(CO_2、UV-B和氮沉降)的相互作用,以烏桕作為主要供試材料,采用室內(nèi)控制環(huán)境箱的方法,探究入侵物種烏桕與3種本土伴生物種,以及入侵與本土生態(tài)型烏桕對(duì)03和CO_2濃度升高的響應(yīng)。采用室外開頂式同化箱的方法,探究03濃度升高和UV-B輻射增強(qiáng),以及03濃度升高和不同方式的氮沉降模擬對(duì)入侵和本土生態(tài)型烏桕生長表現(xiàn)的影響。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.通過入侵植物烏桕與本土 3種伴生物種的生長表現(xiàn)對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)入侵種烏桕具有明顯的生長優(yōu)勢(shì),且具有較低的濃縮單寧含量。通過入侵和本土生態(tài)型烏桕單一種植以及兩者混合種植進(jìn)行生長表現(xiàn)對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)入侵生態(tài)型烏桕在生物量、株高等生長指標(biāo)方面優(yōu)于本土生態(tài)型烏桕,特別是在混合種植時(shí),入侵生態(tài)型性烏桕相比本土生態(tài)型烏桕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)更為明顯。結(jié)果說明烏桕在被引入新生境后,發(fā)生了適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化,其資源分配機(jī)制也發(fā)生了調(diào)整,即原先用于生產(chǎn)高消耗次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物的資源一部分被轉(zhuǎn)化為用于低消耗的植株生長,使得不但入侵物種烏桕相對(duì)于本土伴生物種具有很強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,而且入侵生態(tài)型烏桕相對(duì)本土生態(tài)型烏桕也具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。結(jié)果驗(yàn)證了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力進(jìn)化增強(qiáng)假說。2.入侵生態(tài)型烏桕相對(duì)于本土生態(tài)型烏桕對(duì)UV-B輻射強(qiáng)度升高的響應(yīng)更為敏感,另外,UV-B輻射增強(qiáng)時(shí),兩生態(tài)型在葉凋落物量上存在明顯相反的變化,即本土生態(tài)型烏桕的葉凋落物量明顯上升,而入侵生態(tài)型烏桕的葉凋落物量明顯下降,這樣可能會(huì)改變土壤養(yǎng)分循環(huán)過程,進(jìn)一步影響外來植物的入侵表現(xiàn)。由此得出,入侵生態(tài)型烏桕先前為了成功入侵新生境,可能改變了自身的形態(tài)生理特征,而正是這種改變?cè)斐扇肭稚鷳B(tài)型烏桕對(duì)UV-B輻射更為敏感。說明入侵物種烏桕是一種“一樣精”(master of some)的物種,即在生境溫和的條件下入侵物種烏桕容易入侵,而在環(huán)境脅迫的環(huán)境下,如UV-B輻射增強(qiáng)的情況下不利于入侵生態(tài)型烏桕的入侵。同時(shí),在O_3和CO_2濃度同時(shí)升高的條件下,入侵生態(tài)型烏桕的總生物量明顯優(yōu)于本土生態(tài)型烏桕,并且兩者的總生物量差異明顯高于對(duì)照組,而在O_3濃度單獨(dú)升高的條件下,入侵和和本土生態(tài)型烏桕的總生物量沒有顯著差異,甚至入侵生態(tài)型烏桕的葉片數(shù)顯著低于本土生態(tài)型烏桕。O_3和CO_2濃度同時(shí)增加在本試驗(yàn)中是一種適宜植物生長的環(huán)境,因此結(jié)果進(jìn)一步證實(shí)入侵種烏桕屬于一種“一樣精”的植物。3. O_3濃度或UV-B輻射單獨(dú)升高均會(huì)對(duì)植物造成不利的影響,而CO_2濃度升高或模擬氮沉降都能夠促進(jìn)植物的生長。O_3與CO_2在植物生長的初期存在顯著的交互作用,即O_3和CO_2濃度同時(shí)增加的情況下植株的生長表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于CO_2濃度單獨(dú)升高條件下的植株。O_3與UV-B同樣存在顯著的交互作用,UV-B輻射增強(qiáng)會(huì)消減O_3濃度升高對(duì)植株生長造成的負(fù)效應(yīng),或是增強(qiáng)植物對(duì)O_3的耐受性。O_3與氮沉降不存在明顯的交互作用,兩者對(duì)植物生長的影響只是簡(jiǎn)單的加和效應(yīng)。4.在環(huán)境控制箱法中,O_3濃度升高顯著降低了入侵生態(tài)型烏桕的根冠比,而對(duì)本土生態(tài)型烏桕的根冠比的影響不顯著。在開頂式同化箱法中,兩種生態(tài)型烏桕單一種植時(shí),O_3濃度升高對(duì)入侵和本土生態(tài)型烏桕的根冠比沒有顯著影響,而混合種植時(shí),O_3濃度升高對(duì)入侵和本土生態(tài)型烏桕的根冠比均顯著減少。5.入侵物種烏桕的總生物量、根生物量和葉片數(shù)對(duì)CO_2濃度升高的響應(yīng)明顯,而CO_2濃度升高對(duì)本土伴生物種的生長沒有顯著影響。結(jié)果說明CO_2濃度升高能夠增強(qiáng)入侵物種的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,這與資源波動(dòng)假說的理論是一致的:可利用資源的提高能夠促進(jìn)外來植物入侵。6.氮沉降能夠顯著減小入侵和本土生態(tài)型烏桕的葉生物量和根生物量差異,但是依舊不會(huì)改變?nèi)肭趾捅就辽鷳B(tài)型烏桕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)格局,即在對(duì)照或模擬氮沉降處理的情況下入侵生態(tài)型烏桕的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力均大于本土生態(tài)型烏桕。此外,氮沉降也能降低本土和入侵生態(tài)型烏桕的根冠比。7. O_3與不同氮沉降模式對(duì)入侵和本土生態(tài)型烏桕生長差異的影響存在顯著的交互作用。O_3濃度增加能夠加劇入侵和本土生態(tài)型烏桕對(duì)土壤中有效資源的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。試驗(yàn)過程中只在中期模擬氮沉降(Middle)或模擬隨機(jī)氮沉降(Random)的處理相比模擬均勻氮沉降(Uniform)處理更利于入侵植物入侵。結(jié)果說明短時(shí)間內(nèi)的資源波動(dòng)變異越大,比單一地提高可利用資源更能發(fā)揮入侵植物對(duì)資源的高效競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。全文結(jié)論:1.入侵物種烏桕在入侵地成功入侵存在兩方面的原因:入侵物種在入侵生境之前就存在很強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,同時(shí)在入侵生境之后,由于外界環(huán)境的變化而發(fā)生了適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化,使得其進(jìn)一步提升了入侵力。2.入侵物種烏桕在適宜環(huán)境下容易發(fā)生入侵,而在脅迫的環(huán)境下不易成功入侵。同時(shí),脅迫的環(huán)境條件下會(huì)加劇種內(nèi)或種間對(duì)有效資源的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。3.可利用資源增加能夠促進(jìn)入侵植物的入侵,同時(shí)可利用資源波動(dòng)變異越大,越能發(fā)揮入侵植物的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。4.減少根冠比,即減少根部資源分配促進(jìn)地上部分生長,這可能是植物在面對(duì)外界環(huán)境變化(無論是有效資源增加還是脅迫壓力加大)的一種應(yīng)對(duì)策略。
[Abstract]:Plant invasion is an important part of global change, closely, and other global change factors interaction, are inseparable. Explore intrusion response of plants to global change factors, to gain insight into the changes in physiological ecology of invasive plants, has important significance for monitoring plant invasions. The concentration of carbon dioxide (C02) and ozone (O_3) concentration increase of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation intensity and nitrogen deposition is an important manifestation of current global changes. These changes in the external environment both growth and reproduction of individual plants, or succession of changes of community structure and ecosystem will be affected directly or indirectly. In addition, environmental factors also change often influence each other, thus influence the change of two and above environmental factors on plants may have a non additive effect. However, so far, for The interaction effect between these four kinds of environment factors on plant is still not clear, especially for the study of invasive plants is very rare. The invasive plants can successfully invade new areas, one of the reasons may be due to invasive plants than the local species itself has a strong competitive power, on the other hand may be due to invasive plants by the introduction of new habitat is influenced by the environmental factors and the occurrence of adaptive evolution and improve the competitiveness. Therefore, the invasion of invasive species and its associated species response or invasive species invasion and local ecological change on ecological environmental factors may also exist obvious differences. This paper focuses on the O_3 and other environmental factors (CO_2 UV-B, and nitrogen deposition) interaction with main Sapium sebiferum as tested materials, using the method of indoor environment control box, explore the invasive species in Ukraine Tallow and 3 kinds of local associated species, and response to the intrusion and the local ecotype of 03 and CO_2 concentration of Chinese tallow. Using the method of outdoor open top assimilation box, to explore the 03 concentration and enhanced UV-B radiation, and 03 concentration and different nitrogen deposition simulation effect on the soil ecological invasion and growth performance of Chinese tallow the main results are as follows: 1. by invasive plants and native Sapium growth performance comparison of 3 companion species, invasive species found Sapium has obvious growth predominance, and has concentrated low tannin content. Through the invasion and local ecological type of single planting and mixed planting of Sapium sebiferum growth contrast, find intrusion ecotype in biomass plant Sapium, higher growth indexes than the local ecological tallow, especially in mixed planting, ecological invasion of local ecological competition compared to Chinese tallow tallow Competitive advantage is more obvious. The results show that in the new environment of Sapium is introduced, the result of adaptive evolution, the resource allocation mechanism also changed, which is originally used for the part of the production of high consumption of the secondary metabolites of resources are transformed into low consumption for the growth of plants, which not only invasive species relative to native species associated with with tallow very strong competitive power, and relative local ecological ecological invasion of Sapium sebiferum also competitive advantage. Sapium results verify the evolutionary hypothesis.2. enhanced competitiveness with respect to the local ecological invasion of Sapium ecotype responses to UV-B radiation intensity increased Sapium is more sensitive, in addition, enhanced UV-B radiation, two ecotypes have obvious opposite changes in leaf litter quantity that is, the local ecotype tallow leaves litter increased significantly, leaf litter and invasion ecotype decreased significantly the tallow. Can change soil nutrient cycling processes, the influence of exotic plants invasion performance further. Thus, in order to successfully invade the previous ecological invasion of Sapium new habitat, may change the morphological and physiological characteristics of its own, and it is this change caused by the invasion of ecotype is more sensitive to UV-B radiation tallow. Invasive species is a kind of "refined tallow" (Master of some) species in habitats under mild conditions and easy invasion of invasive species in Sapium, environmental stress conditions, such as enhanced UV-B radiation condition is not conducive to the invasion of the ecological Sapium. At the same time, also increased in O_3 and CO_2 concentration conditions, the total ecological invasion of Sapium sebiferum the biomass was significantly better than the local ecological tallow, total biomass and the difference between the two was significantly higher than the control group, separately under elevated O_3 conditions, and the soil ecological invasion Ukraine There was no significant difference between the total biomass of the seed, leaf number and invasion was significantly lower than the local ecological ecological Sapium.O_3 and CO_2 increased with concentration of tallow in this experiment is a suitable plant growth environment, so the results further confirmed the plant.3. concentration of O_3 or UV-B radiation invasive species belongs to a kind of "a kind of Chinese tallow fine" alone the increase will cause adverse effects on plants, and higher concentration of CO_2 or simulated nitrogen deposition could promote the growth of.O_3 and CO_2 plants significantly in the early stage of plant growth, namely O_3 and CO_2 concentration at the same time increased growth performance is better than that of CO_2 concentration under the condition of single plant and plant to increase.O_3 and UV-B conditions under the same significant interaction, enhance the O_3 concentration may reduce the negative effect on plant growth of UV-B radiation, or enhance plant tolerance to O_3.O_3 with nitrogen The settlement does not exist obvious interaction between the two, the effect on the growth of just.4. simple additive effect in environmental control box, O_3 concentration significantly reduced the invasion of the root shoot ratio of Sapium ecotypes, but had no significant effects on the local ecological Sapium root shoot ratio. In the open top box method in two kinds of assimilation. Single plant Sapium ecotypes, elevated O_3 concentration on invasion and local ecotype of Sapium sebiferum root shoot ratio had no significant effect, and mixed planting, O_3 concentration increased the total biomass of the intrusion and the local ecotype Sapium sebiferum root shoot ratio were significantly reduced in the.5. invasion of Chinese tallow, root biomass and leaf number in response to elevated CO_2 obviously, the CO_2 concentration of native species associated with growth had no significant effect. The results show that elevated CO_2 concentration can enhance the competitiveness of invasive species, this hypothesis and the resource fluctuation theory is The same: leaf biomass and root biomass of different available resources can promote the increase of invasive plant.6. nitrogen deposition can decrease the invasion and local ecological tallow, but still does not change the invasion and local ecological tallow competition pattern, namely in the control or simulation of nitrogen deposition of Sapium ecotype intrusion case competitive are larger than the local ecotype of Sapium sebiferum. In addition, nitrogen deposition can also reduce the local invasion and ecological effects of.7. O_3 Sapium root shoot ratio and different nitrogen deposition patterns of growth differences on invasion and local ecological deposit increase to increased Sapium invasion and local ecological competition on the effective resources of Sapium sebiferum in soil.O_3 concentration was significant interaction. The test process only in the middle of simulated nitrogen deposition (Middle) or random simulation of nitrogen deposition (Random) treatment compared with the simulated nitrogen deposition (Uniform) at the uniform Science is more conducive to invasive plants invasion. Results show that resource volatility in a short period of time is bigger, better than the single available resources can play high competitive ability of invasive plant resources. Conclusion: 1. species of Sapium invasion success there are two aspects of the reason: in the invasion of invasive species in invaded habitats before there is a strong competitiveness, at the same time in the habitat, due to changes in the external environment of the adaptive evolution, which further enhance the invasion force.2. prone to invasion of invasive species of Sapium sebiferum in suitable environment, and in the stress environment is not easy to successful invasion. At the same time, the environmental stress conditions exacerbate internal or interspecific competition for resources on the effective utilization of resources increased.3. can promote the invasion of invasive plants, at the same time the use of resource volatility is larger, more invasive plants can play a competitive Potential.4. reduces root shoot ratio, that is, reducing root resource allocation and promoting aboveground growth. This may be a coping strategy for plants in the face of external environmental changes (whether effective resources increase or stress stress increases).

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：Q948.1

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