本文關(guān)鍵詞： 水生真菌 多樣性 分布格局 影響因子 系統(tǒng)學(xué)　出處：《昆明理工大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：水生真菌(Aquatic fungi)是一類特殊的生態(tài)類群,是指整個(gè)生活史或生活史的部分階段依賴于水環(huán)境的真菌,具有豐富的多樣性。水生真菌在水體有機(jī)物降解和水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)循環(huán)中起著重要作用,主要是分解水體中植物殘?bào)w、纖維素和木質(zhì)素含量高的有機(jī)質(zhì),被水生動(dòng)物取食而進(jìn)入食物鏈。水生真菌的研究開(kāi)始于1942年,截止2014年全球報(bào)道水生真菌3100多種,中國(guó)截止2013年報(bào)道969種。一直以來(lái)水生真菌研究多集中在物種多樣性方面,而多樣性及影響分布格局的環(huán)境因子相對(duì)較少,水生真菌在地球上的擴(kuò)散機(jī)制尚無(wú)系統(tǒng)研究。本文對(duì)生物多樣性熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域之一的滇西北地區(qū)水生真菌物種組成、多樣性特征、分布格局及影響分布格局的環(huán)境因子進(jìn)行研究,同時(shí)發(fā)掘該地區(qū)的水生真菌新物種及具有潛在應(yīng)用價(jià)值的菌種資源。為了解滇西北地區(qū)水生真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)、多樣性特征和分布格局,本研究從獨(dú)龍江、怒江、瀾滄江、金沙江和蒼山黑龍溪,采集沉水枯枝及水樣,記錄海拔、溫度、經(jīng)緯度、pH、植被等相關(guān)信息并通過(guò)多因子分析,獲得滇西北地區(qū)水生真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)、分布格局與環(huán)境因子之間的關(guān)系。通過(guò)18S,28S和ITS序列分析,構(gòu)建了部分物種系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù),與現(xiàn)有的分類體系相比,本系統(tǒng)更趨于自然分類系統(tǒng)。主要結(jié)果如下:1.本文采樣點(diǎn)為瀾滄江、怒江、金沙江、獨(dú)龍江和蒼山黑龍溪,通過(guò)對(duì)采集的1495份樣品進(jìn)行檢查,共獲得1502株菌株,保存干標(biāo)本1502份,有效序列890條,目前提交60條序列到Genbank。經(jīng)過(guò)形態(tài)學(xué)和分子系統(tǒng)學(xué)鑒定出水生子囊菌及無(wú)性型絲孢真菌167屬337種,捕食線蟲(chóng)真菌4屬,17種。由于篇幅有限,文中僅對(duì)86種水生真菌無(wú)性型進(jìn)行了描述,并附有相應(yīng)的形態(tài)圖片。2.描述了 1 新科:Distoseptisporaceae;3新屬:Neotorula、Distoseptispora.、Pseudosporidesmium.;14新種:Dendryphion aquaticum、D.submersum、Distoseptispora fluminicola、D.aquatica、Kirschsteiniothelia submerse、Neotorulaaquatica、Sporidesmium aquaticum、S.submersum、S.fluminicolum、Phragmocephala garethjonesii、Minimelanolocus asiaticus、M.aquaticus、M.melanicus 和 Lentithecium cangshanense,對(duì) Curvularia、Phragmocephala、Dendryphion、Kirschsteiniothelia、Sporidesmium、Torula 和 Minimelanolocus部分真菌進(jìn)行了描述,并配了最新的圖版,建了系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹(shù),根據(jù)分子數(shù)據(jù)及形態(tài)學(xué)特征比較了各個(gè)屬內(nèi)不同物種之間的典型特征。3.結(jié)合海拔、溫度、經(jīng)緯度、pH、植被等環(huán)境因子,通過(guò)指數(shù)模擬分析、多樣性指數(shù)及相似性分析,結(jié)果表明與多樣性相關(guān)性最為明顯的是海拔和隨海拔而變化的溫度,在中低海拔水生真菌多樣性最為豐富,隨海拔升高到一定范圍,多樣性與海拔呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān);由于采樣地pH變化范圍小,pH沒(méi)有成為該地水生真菌分布的限制因子;低緯度地區(qū)的水生真菌多樣性比高緯度地區(qū)高;由于所采集的腐木樣品樹(shù)皮已經(jīng)脫落,無(wú)法鑒定到樹(shù)種,因此植被和物種多樣性之間的關(guān)系無(wú)法分析。4.本研究在沉水腐木上發(fā)現(xiàn)并純化了大量捕食線蟲(chóng)真菌,之前僅有一種捕食線蟲(chóng)真菌被報(bào)道來(lái)自腐木,其余均來(lái)自陸地土壤。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)來(lái)自水體腐木的捕食線蟲(chóng)真菌一是生理特性發(fā)生了改變,如不產(chǎn)生捕食器官,二是同種的捕食線蟲(chóng)真菌形態(tài)如孢子形狀、著生方式等發(fā)生了極大改變,表明沉水腐木上的捕食線蟲(chóng)真菌是進(jìn)行起源進(jìn)化研究的好材料。5.滇西北水生真菌的分布格局:高海拔地區(qū)多樣性比低海拔低,在不同海拔形成不同的優(yōu)勢(shì)類群,西邊低緯度河流的多樣性比東部高緯度高;不同的河流有各自的特有種分布,世界廣布屬葚孢屬Sporidesmium,在滇西北地區(qū)也分布廣泛,除此之外,Minimelanolocus,Dactylaria,Ellisembia,Helicomyces,Periconia,Phaeoisaria,Sporidesmiella等在云南滇西北地區(qū)分布廣泛,出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是Minimelanolocus屬的物種。獨(dú)龍江多樣性最高,其次是蒼山黑龍溪,最低的是瀾滄江,其次是金沙江。
[Abstract]:Aquatic fungi (Aquatic fungi) is a kind of special ecological groups, is that part of the life history stage or life history relies on the water environment of fungi, abundant diversity of aquatic fungi. In aquatic organic matter degradation and aquatic ecosystem nutrient cycling plays an important role in the decomposition of water, mainly in plants the residue of cellulose and lignin content of organic matter was high, aquatic animal feeding and enter the food chain of aquatic fungi. Beginning in 1942, by the end of 2014, global coverage of 3100 kinds of aquatic fungi, as of 2013 969. China reported a direct study focused on aquatic fungi species diversity, and diversity and effect of distribution pattern of environmental factors is relatively small, the diffusion mechanism of aquatic fungi on earth. There is no systematic research on the Northwest Yunnan aquatic fungi species on the biodiversity hotspots of the Composition, diversity characteristics, study on distribution pattern and environmental factors affecting the distribution pattern, at the same time to explore new species of aquatic fungi in the region and has the potential application value of strain resources. In order to understand the structure of aquatic fungi in the northwest region of Yunnan Province, the characteristics of diversity and distribution pattern, this study from Longjiang, Nu River, Lancang river. Jinsha River and Cangshan dragon Creek, submerged litter and water collection, record temperature, altitude, longitude, pH, vegetation and other relevant information and analysis through multiple factors, obtain the structure of aquatic fungi community in Northwest Yunnan, the relationship between the distribution pattern and environment factors. Through 18S, 28S and ITS sequence analysis, phylogenetic tree was constructed some species, compared with the existing classification system, this system is more natural classification system. The main results are as follows: 1. the sampling point for the Lancang River, Nu River, Jinsha River, Longjiang and Cangshan the only black dragon river, pass After inspection of the 1495 samples collected, received a total of 1502 strains were preserved dry specimens of 1502 copies, effective 890 sequences, 60 sequences currently submitted to Genbank. by morphological and molecular identification of effluent ascomycetes and anamorph hyphomycetes in 167 genera and 337 species of predatory insects, fungi belonging to 4 genera in 17 lines.. due to limited space, this paper only on 86 aquatic fungal anamorphs are described, together with the corresponding.2. form picture describes 1 new: Distoseptisporaceae; 3 new genera: Neotorula, Distoseptispora., Pseudosporidesmium.; 14 new species: Dendryphion aquaticum, D.submersum Distoseptispora, fluminicola, D.aquatica, Kirschsteiniothelia, submerse, Neotorulaaquatica, Sporidesmium, aquaticum S.submersum, S.fluminicolum, Phragmocephala, garethjonesii, Minimelanolocus, asiaticus, M.aquaticus, M.melanicus and Lentithecium cangshanens E, Curvularia, Phragmocephala, Dendryphion, Kirschsteiniothelia, Sporidesmium, Torula and Minimelanolocus of some fungi are described, and with the new chart, built a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data and morphological characteristics of the typical characteristics of.3. among different species within the genus with altitude, temperature, longitude, pH the environmental factors such as vegetation, through simulation analysis, index, diversity index and similarity analysis, results show that the relationship between diversity and altitude is the most obvious change with altitude and temperature in the low altitude aquatic fungi diversity is most abundant, with elevation to a certain extent, negatively related to diversity and altitude pH; because the sampling range is small, pH does not become limiting factor of the distribution of aquatic fungi; low latitude aquatic fungal diversity high latitudes due to mining; In the samples of rotten wood bark has fallen off, can not be identified to species, so the relationship between vegetation and species diversity of.4. cannot be analyzed in this study submerged on decaying wood found and purified a lot of nematode trapping fungi, before only a nematode trapping fungi have been reported from the rotten wood, the rest from the terrestrial soil. The study found that predation the water from the rotten wood nematode fungi is a change in physiological characteristics, such as do not produce trapping organs, two species of nematode trapping fungi spore forms such as shape, change a lot with the method, showed that the nematode trapping fungi submerged on decaying wood is the distribution pattern of.5. good material of origin and evolution of Northwest Yunnan aquatic fungi: high altitude diversity is lower than the low altitude, the formation of dominant species at different altitudes, the diversity of the low latitude West River is higher than that of the East River with high latitude; Flow is endemic to their distribution, widely distributed in the world is the most Sporidesmium sp., are widely distributed in the northwest region of Yunnan, in addition, Minimelanolocus, Dactylaria, Ellisembia, Helicomyces, Periconia, Phaeoisaria, Sporidesmiella etc. is widely distributed in the northwest of Yunnan, the highest frequency is Minimelanolocus. The only species diversity in Longjiang the highest, followed by Cangshan dragon Creek, Lancang river is the lowest, followed by the Jinsha River.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：昆明理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：Q938
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本文編號(hào)：1464843