本文關(guān)鍵詞： 主動衛(wèi)星 多層云 輻射效應(yīng) 重疊云層間相互作用 青藏高原 云重疊參數(shù) 大氣動力參數(shù)　出處：《蘭州大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：多層云能夠通過改變大氣溫度、大氣輻射加熱率/冷卻率和潛熱顯著影響地氣系統(tǒng)的能量收支、大氣環(huán)流及水汽循環(huán)過程。然而過去由于探測手段的限制和地面觀測資料的稀缺,我們對多層云的發(fā)生頻率、輻射效應(yīng)、以及云層間的相互作用缺乏全面的認(rèn)識。并且氣候模式對云重疊(與多層云緊密相關(guān))的不合理描述也是氣候變化預(yù)測的一個重要不確定性源。近年來主動衛(wèi)星基于對云垂直結(jié)構(gòu)的檢測優(yōu)勢發(fā)展了多套遙感產(chǎn)品,并被廣泛應(yīng)用到各個研究領(lǐng)域。因此,本論文主要利用主動衛(wèi)星遙感產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)開展了與多層云相關(guān)的研究工作。研究結(jié)果將為加深理解全球云的輻射反饋機(jī)制提供必要的研究基礎(chǔ),并為改進(jìn)模式中的云重疊參數(shù)化方案提供觀測依據(jù)。研究內(nèi)容及主要研究結(jié)論如下:(1)本文利用大氣輻射觀測計劃(ARM)的多個觀測站和蘭州大學(xué)半干旱氣候與環(huán)境觀測站(SACOL)的地面輻射資料評估了主動衛(wèi)星輻射通量產(chǎn)品(2B-FLXHR-LIDAR)的地表向下輻射通量。研究表明:晴空時,主動衛(wèi)星反演的地表向下短波輻射通量與站點(diǎn)觀測值有較好的一致性,偏差在20~50 W/m~2。而云天時,主動衛(wèi)星反演的地表向下短波輻射通量則顯著高于站點(diǎn)的地面觀測值,偏差在70~180 W/m~2。這說明,主動衛(wèi)星反演的地表向下短波輻射通量仍不能全面考慮云的影響且存在相對較大不確定性。相比之下,衛(wèi)星反演的晝夜地表向下長波輻射通量無論在晴空還是云天時都與站點(diǎn)觀測值有比較好的一致性。此外,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)時空尺度對地表向下輻射通量偏差的影響較小,而云相態(tài)則對該偏差有顯著影響。(2)基于2007~2010四年主動衛(wèi)星的輻射通量產(chǎn)品(2B-FLXHR-LIDAR)和云分類產(chǎn)品(2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR),本文定量分析了全球尺度多層和單層云系統(tǒng)的云量、權(quán)重云輻射強(qiáng)迫、云輻射加熱率及其差異。研究表明:多層云主要盛行于赤道附近,其全球云量平均值(24.9%)低于單層云(46.6%);多層云大氣層頂、地面以及大氣內(nèi)凈權(quán)重云輻射強(qiáng)迫貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)40.2%、42.4%和57%。多層和單層云系統(tǒng)的云輻射加熱率也存在明顯差異。就短波云輻射加熱率而言,單層云和多層云的最大加熱率(分別為0.35 K/d和0.60 K/d)出現(xiàn)在9.75 km和7.5 km,且單層云與多層云的差異呈現(xiàn)隨高度由正值轉(zhuǎn)為負(fù)值。就長波云輻射加熱率而言,多層云的最大冷卻率(-0.42 K/d)出現(xiàn)在8 km,而單層云則出現(xiàn)在2km(-0.45 K/d),并且單層云與多層云的差異隨高度由負(fù)值轉(zhuǎn)為正值�？偟膩碚f,單層云和多層云的凈云輻射加熱率的差異主要集中在對流層7.5 km以下,且均為負(fù)值。(3)通過匹配2007~2010年主動衛(wèi)星云分類產(chǎn)品(2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR)和被動衛(wèi)星CERES瞬時輻射數(shù)據(jù)(CERES-SSF),本文評估了單層不同云類型的云特性及大氣層頂云輻射強(qiáng)迫,并進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)計分析了雙層云類型(高云與其他云類型重疊)的云層間相互作用如何影響上下云層的宏、微觀物理特性及大氣層頂?shù)妮椛淦胶�。研究表�?所有單層云類型的短波(長波)云輻射強(qiáng)迫絕對值隨云光學(xué)厚度增加而增加,其相關(guān)系數(shù)絕對值不小于0.78(0.84)。當(dāng)高云重疊時,云層間的輻射相互作用顯著改變上下云層的云特性,表現(xiàn)為:雙層云類型的高云比單層高云有更蔽光和更厚的云體;而底層云類型則相比其單層云狀態(tài)有更透光和更薄的云體。對比單層云類型與其被高云重疊的雙層云類型之間的凈云輻射強(qiáng)迫,結(jié)果表明:除單層的積云外,所有單層云類型對地氣系統(tǒng)的冷卻效應(yīng)強(qiáng)于其被高云重疊的雙層云類型。(4)通過利用主動衛(wèi)星云幾何廓線產(chǎn)品(2B-GEOPROF-LIDAR),ECMWF-AUX輔助產(chǎn)品及ERA-Interim再分析資料四年(2007~2010)的數(shù)據(jù),本文反演了青藏高原地區(qū)云的重疊參數(shù),并評估了大氣動力參數(shù)(譬如:風(fēng)切變和濕對流條件不穩(wěn)定度)對云重疊參數(shù)的影響。研究表明:對于垂直不連續(xù)的云層而言,隨機(jī)重疊方案能夠較好的描述云的重疊特性。然而對于垂直連續(xù)的云層而言,云重疊參數(shù)隨著云層間距逐漸從最大重疊向隨機(jī)重疊趨近,當(dāng)云層間距大于1.5km后,云的重疊參數(shù)出現(xiàn)負(fù)值,意味著高原的云開始趨于最小重疊方案。我們的統(tǒng)計結(jié)果表明,青藏高原地區(qū)負(fù)的云重疊參數(shù)樣本占總樣本量的41%,明顯不同于早期研究所提出的全球平均的結(jié)果。這種特征與高原獨(dú)特的大氣動力特性緊密相關(guān)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在高原地區(qū)大氣穩(wěn)定度和風(fēng)切變能夠明顯影響云的重疊特性,并進(jìn)一步將與云重疊參數(shù)相關(guān)的退相干指數(shù)參數(shù)化為大氣穩(wěn)定度和風(fēng)切變的函數(shù)。新的參數(shù)化公式與其他公式模擬的總云量對比結(jié)果表明其預(yù)測的總云量有較小的偏差。因此,我們的研究建議模式云重疊參數(shù)化方案應(yīng)考慮大氣動力參數(shù)的影響以改進(jìn)區(qū)域總云量的模擬。
[Abstract]:Cloud through changing the atmospheric temperature, atmospheric radiative heating / cooling rate and heat rate significantly affect the energy budget of the earth atmosphere system, atmospheric circulation and water vapor cycle process. However, due to the limitation of past detection and ground observation data are scarce, we to cloud the frequency, radiation effects, and interactions among the clouds a lack of understanding. And the climate model of cloud overlap (closely related to multi cloud) an important source of uncertainty prediction unreasonable description is also climate change. In recent years, active satellite detection advantage of cloud vertical structure based on the development of a number of sets of remote sensing products, and is widely applied to various fields of study. Therefore in this paper, using the active satellite remote sensing system to carry out the related research work and the multilayer cloud. The results will deepen the understanding of the global radiation cloud and feedback mechanism The necessary research foundation, and provide the basis for improving the observation mode in the overlapping parameterization scheme. Conclusion the research contents and the main research are as follows: (1) the atmospheric radiation observation program (ARM) of the multi stations and Lanzhou University semi arid climate and environment Observatory (SACOL) ground radiation data evaluation initiative satellite radiation products (2B-FLXHR-LIDAR) surface downward radiative fluxes. The results show that: the sky, surface active satellite downward shortwave radiation flux and site observations are consistent, the deviation in 20~50 W/m~ 2. and the sky, surface active satellite downward shortwave radiation flux is significantly higher than the value of ground stations in 70~180 W/m~2., deviation of the surface active satellite downward shortwave radiation flux is still not fully consider the effects of clouds and there are relatively large uncertainty compared. Under the surface, day and night satellite downward longwave radiation flux in clear sky or cloudy sky and site observation has good consistency. In addition, we found that the influence of spatial and temporal scales on the surface downward radiation flux deviation, and cloud phase have remarkable influence on the deviation. (2) 2007~2010 radiation flux four years of active satellite based cloud classification (2B-FLXHR-LIDAR) and the product (2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR), this paper quantitatively analyzes the global scale multi-layer and single-layer cloud systems, cloud cover, the weight of cloud radiative forcing, cloud radiative heating rate and difference. The study shows that the cloud is popular in the vicinity of the equator, the global cloud cover (24.9%) is lower than the average value of a single stratus cloud (46.6%); the top of the atmosphere, forcing the contribution rate of 40.2% and net weights of cloud ground atmospheric radiation, cloud radiation heating and 42.4% 57%. multilayer and single layer cloud rate of the system also has the obvious difference Different. Short wave radiation heating rate, the maximum heating rate (single and multilayer cloud were 0.35 K/d and 0.60 K/d) were 9.75 km and 7.5 km, and single and multi stratus stratus showed differences with height transfer from positive to negative. The long wave cloud radiative heating rate, the maximum cloud the cooling rate (-0.42 K/d) at 8 km, and the single cloud appeared in 2km (-0.45 K/d), and the difference between single and multi stratus clouds with height changed from negative to positive. In general, single and multilayer cloud net cloud radiative heating rate were mainly concentrated in the convection layer below 7.5 km. And are negative. (3) by matching 2007~2010 active cloud classification products (2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR) and passive satellite CERES instantaneous radiation data (CERES-SSF), this paper evaluates the cloud characteristics and different types of single atmosphere cloud top cloud radiative forcing, and further statistical analysis of the double Stratus type (high cloud and other cloud types overlap) cloud interaction effects on how cloud macro and micro physical properties and radiation balance at the top of the atmosphere. The study shows that all types of clouds (longwave) shortwave cloud radiation increases with the increase of the absolute value of force cloud optical thickness, the absolute value of correlation coefficient is not less than 0.78 (0.84). When the clouds overlap, cloud radiation interactions significantly alter cloud properties, on the clouds as follows: cloud layer type clouds have more dark and thicker than single-layer cloud clouds; and the underlying cloud type is compared with the single state is more transparent and stratus cloud a thinner. Net cloud radiative contrast between single-layer cloud types and cloud layer is high cloud overlap type force, the results show that the addition of single cumulus, stratus all single types of cooling effect on the climate system is stronger than the double high clouds Cloud type. (4) through the use of active satellite cloud geometrical profile (2B-GEOPROF-LIDAR), ECMWF-AUX products and ERA-Interim reanalysis data for four years (2007~2010) data, the inversion overlap parameter in Tibet Plateau cloud, and evaluate the atmospheric dynamical parameters (such as wind shear and moist convective instability conditions the degree of influence on cloud overlap) parameters. It is shown that the vertical discontinuous clouds, random overlapping scheme can better describe the characteristics of overlapping clouds. However for the vertical continuous clouds, clouds overlap with the clouds gradually from the maximum distance parameter overlap to a random overlapping approach, when the spacing is greater than 1.5km, overlapping parameters the clouds appear negative, means that the plateau began to cloud the minimum overlap scheme. Our results show that the negative cloud over the Tibetan Plateau overlap parameters of sample total sample were 41%, Different from the one proposed in earlier research results. The average global atmospheric dynamics of the plateau characteristics and unique closely related. We found that can overlap characteristics significantly affect cloud in Plateau Atmospheric stability and wind shear, and further with the cloud overlap parameters related to the decoherence index parameter for atmospheric stability and wind shear function. Results total cloud parameterization formula of the new formula with other simulation shows that the total cloud cover its forecast to have a smaller deviation. Therefore, our study suggests that cloud pattern overlapping parameterization scheme should be simulated considering the influence of atmospheric dynamic parameters to improve the total cloud.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P407

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