本文關(guān)鍵詞：上揚(yáng)子北緣晚二疊世大隆組有機(jī)質(zhì)類型、分布規(guī)律及賦存控制因素　出處：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 大隆組 頁巖氣 孢粉有機(jī)質(zhì) 有機(jī)質(zhì)類型 氧化還原環(huán)境 粘土礦物

【摘要】：隨著中國經(jīng)濟(jì)騰飛,對能源的需求也持續(xù)增長。至2016年中國有35%的天然氣依靠進(jìn)口。近年來,頁巖氣(shale gas)作為資源潛力巨大的新能源領(lǐng)域,受到世界各國高度重視。隨著美國頁巖氣開采技術(shù)的突破,美國已經(jīng)從天然氣純進(jìn)口國轉(zhuǎn)變成天然氣純出口國。中國從早古生代至新生代發(fā)育有多套黑色頁巖,頁巖氣地質(zhì)資源儲量與美國相當(dāng)。經(jīng)過不斷努力,中國南方早古生代地層黑色頁巖中獲得工業(yè)氣流,但是中國頁巖氣基礎(chǔ)理論研究還非常薄弱,一系列地質(zhì)問題認(rèn)識不足始終制約著中國頁巖氣發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)中國南方黑色頁巖的頁巖氣地質(zhì)特征研究是頁巖氣開發(fā)的當(dāng)務(wù)之急,研究黑色頁巖中有機(jī)質(zhì)分布狀態(tài)與控制因素對頁巖氣勘探開發(fā)更是具有指導(dǎo)意義。因此,本文以揚(yáng)子北緣上二疊統(tǒng)深水相沉積大隆組為研究目標(biāo),選取上寺和甘溪兩條具有連續(xù)沉積記錄的剖面,通過掃描電子顯微鏡(SEM)、孢粉有機(jī)質(zhì)觀察大隆組賦存有機(jī)質(zhì)類型和分布狀態(tài),并結(jié)合高精度微量元素地球化學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)探討古環(huán)境因素對有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的影響,在此基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合前人資料總結(jié)出大隆組有機(jī)質(zhì)沉積模式,以此對頁巖氣評價(jià)提供理論依據(jù)。首先,筆者總結(jié)了現(xiàn)代海洋沉積物和地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期黑色頁巖中有機(jī)質(zhì)保存控制因素,發(fā)現(xiàn)不論是現(xiàn)代沉積物還是地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期沉積巖,影響賦存其中的有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的因素是一致的:有機(jī)質(zhì)類型(有機(jī)質(zhì)物質(zhì)組成)、生產(chǎn)力和保存環(huán)境以及粘土礦物吸附保護(hù)作用。這為后期工作提供了理論基礎(chǔ)和指導(dǎo)思想。筆者選取上寺剖面31個(gè)樣品、甘溪剖面21個(gè)樣品,利用SEM觀察賦存其中的原位有機(jī)質(zhì)類型和分布狀態(tài)。二次電子(SE)圖像和背散射電子(BSE)圖像中有機(jī)質(zhì)亮度、形貌及能譜分析是有機(jī)質(zhì)賦存類型鑒別的重要依據(jù)。結(jié)果顯示大隆組有機(jī)質(zhì)分為形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)、彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)和瀝青三種類型。在背散射圖片中所有類型有機(jī)質(zhì)均為黑色,但是形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)是具有生物結(jié)構(gòu)的高穩(wěn)定性顆粒有機(jī)質(zhì),保留了有機(jī)體原始信息,在二次電子圖片中發(fā)亮;彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)是粘土礦物與有機(jī)質(zhì)相互作用的產(chǎn)物,在二次電子圖片中為片狀礦物聚合體,在背散射模式下為黑色斑塊,具有高C,低O、Si、Al的特征;塊狀瀝青經(jīng)運(yùn)移儲集在樣品孔縫系統(tǒng)中,二次電子圖像下可見棱角及斷口,能譜數(shù)據(jù)顯示瀝青C質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)高,Si和Al極少。SEM結(jié)果還顯示成巖作用對有機(jī)質(zhì)保存和分布的影響主要體現(xiàn)在彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)和瀝青上,對靠自身穩(wěn)定性保存的形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)沒有明顯作用。成巖作用深的區(qū)域(甘溪剖面)樣品中彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)粘土礦物形態(tài)明顯、C含量少,樣品中瀝青含量高。而且部分瀝青的成分和形態(tài)也會受成巖作用影響。為了與SEM結(jié)果進(jìn)行對比,筆者還對上寺、甘溪剖面樣品進(jìn)行孢粉有機(jī)質(zhì)處理。在透射光下,有機(jī)質(zhì)被分為形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)和無定形有機(jī)質(zhì)兩種形式組成。形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)是保留有生物形態(tài)的有機(jī)質(zhì)顆粒,由孢型(包括孢粉化石、疑源化石以及其他各種藻類)和結(jié)構(gòu)有機(jī)質(zhì)(包括植物碎屑和動物碎屑)組成,無定形有機(jī)質(zhì)主要由海綿無定形和顆粒無定形組成。其中,筆者識別出保存完好的球形、橢球型疑源化石Dictyotidium、Leiosphaeridia,鏈狀疑源化石Reduviasporonites,孢粉化石Cycadopites、Lundbladispora以及有孔蟲襯膜,還有一些藻類孢子和植物管胞。形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)在透射光與SEM下十分相似,可以直接與SEM下的形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)對應(yīng);海綿無定形有機(jī)質(zhì)是彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)的主體,薄片中往往以聚合物形式存在,這可能是有機(jī)質(zhì)縮聚的結(jié)果,其定量結(jié)果在縱向上與TOC變化趨勢一致,這些特征可以與彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)對應(yīng),也說明海綿無定形有機(jī)質(zhì)(彌散有機(jī)質(zhì))是TOC的主體成分;薄片下顆粒無定形有機(jī)質(zhì)可以單獨(dú)存在,也可以與海綿無定形有機(jī)質(zhì)聚合在一起,但是這種有機(jī)質(zhì)的顆粒形態(tài)往往具有三維屬性,可以與瀝青對應(yīng)。前人研究已經(jīng)得出還原的水體以及高生產(chǎn)力是影響大隆組有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的重要因素,但是二者具體如何作用卻沒有詳細(xì)描述。筆者綜合考慮高精度微量元素地球化學(xué)、生物學(xué)及海平面變化數(shù)據(jù),將上寺剖面分為四個(gè)階段、甘溪剖面分為五個(gè)階段,并詳細(xì)討論各階段生產(chǎn)力與氧化還原環(huán)境對有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的影響。還原的水體環(huán)境可以促進(jìn)有機(jī)質(zhì)保存,上寺剖面第Ⅱ階段、甘溪剖面第I、III階段,有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的重要層段(TOC平均值大于3%)均沉積于還原的水體環(huán)境。當(dāng)水體持續(xù)處于缺氧狀態(tài)時(shí),水體氧化還原環(huán)境對有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的影響力會降低,此時(shí)生產(chǎn)力才是控制TOC含量變化的關(guān)鍵因素,如上寺剖面第Ⅱ階段、甘溪剖面第III階段,TOC與生產(chǎn)力指標(biāo)有極好的相關(guān)性(R2≥0.79),與氧化還原環(huán)境指標(biāo)相關(guān)性則要弱些(R2≤0.58);而當(dāng)水體環(huán)境為氧化—次氧化時(shí),如上寺剖面第IV階段,甘溪剖面第IV、V階段,TOC水平較低,平均值不足1%,這種條件下,古海洋因素對有機(jī)質(zhì)的影響需要視情況而定,若形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高,那么生產(chǎn)力對有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的控制作用更明顯,如甘溪剖面第Ⅱ、IV階段,反之則水體氧化還原環(huán)境是主要控制因素,如上寺剖面第I、IV階段。最后筆者綜合所有數(shù)據(jù),總結(jié)大隆組沉積模式如下:大隆組古生產(chǎn)力提高主要由晚二疊世兩次海侵事件引起,中上揚(yáng)子地區(qū)中二疊世末期開始火山活動頻繁,風(fēng)化作用加劇。火山活動和風(fēng)化作用導(dǎo)致大量營養(yǎng)元素和粘土堆積在陸架低地,晚二疊世海平面迅速上升,堆積的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入海洋系統(tǒng)導(dǎo)致鄰海盆地生產(chǎn)力增加,耗氧量也隨之增加并形成分層海水。缺氧環(huán)境往往由海水中部開始擴(kuò)散,隨著海水溶氧量進(jìn)一步減少,氧氣最小帶擴(kuò)大至底層水體形成穩(wěn)定的缺氧環(huán)境,此時(shí)維持氧氣消耗之外剩余的有機(jī)質(zhì)與海水中的粘土礦物相互作用迅速沉降保存,形成大量彌散有機(jī)質(zhì),因此表層海水生產(chǎn)力是控制有機(jī)質(zhì)保存的主要因素。缺氧環(huán)境一直持續(xù)到第二次海侵末期,第一次海侵期間大部分營養(yǎng)元素已經(jīng)被消耗,因此第二次海侵中期開始生產(chǎn)力已經(jīng)逐漸降低,水體環(huán)境在次氧化至缺氧環(huán)境之間波動,此時(shí)TOC受水體環(huán)境和生產(chǎn)力共同控制,有機(jī)質(zhì)類型受生產(chǎn)力和粘土礦物含量控制,彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)含量與粘土礦物含量成正比,形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)與瀝青也廣泛存在。在低海平面時(shí)期,粘土含量減少,大量有機(jī)質(zhì)由于缺乏粘土礦物的吸附保護(hù)而被分解,樣品中剩余少量耐降解的形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì),幾乎沒有彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)保存。充分了解泥質(zhì)烴源巖中有機(jī)質(zhì)賦存類型有助于理解成巖過程中形成的油氣資源,更有利于烴源巖評價(jià)以及非常規(guī)油氣勘探開發(fā)工作。形態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)是孢粉或疑源化石的外壁,自身具有高穩(wěn)定性,但是由于其含量較少,與TOC沒有很好的線性關(guān)系;彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)是無定形有機(jī)質(zhì)的主要成分,而且與TOC具有相同的變化趨勢,因此,筆者認(rèn)為彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)才是富有機(jī)質(zhì)硅質(zhì)泥巖段TOC的主體,彌散有機(jī)質(zhì)具有作為生烴母質(zhì)的潛力,也說明硅質(zhì)泥巖中TOC可以反映原生有機(jī)質(zhì)保存情況;塊狀瀝青是有機(jī)質(zhì)經(jīng)過運(yùn)移的結(jié)果,當(dāng)瀝青大量存在時(shí)樣品TOC不能準(zhǔn)確反映海洋的生產(chǎn)力水平,但是殘留瀝青在深埋條件具有裂解生氣的能力。筆者認(rèn)為大隆組有機(jī)質(zhì)具有產(chǎn)烴的潛力,但是廣元地區(qū)成熟度相對較低,湖北建始地區(qū)大隆組是更好的頁巖氣勘探層位。
[Abstract]:Chinese with economic growth, the demand for energy continues to grow. China to 2016 35% of natural gas imports. In recent years, shale gas (shale gas) as a resource potential of the new energy field, attracted worldwide attention. With the U.S. shale gas mining technology breakthrough, the United States has become pure natural gas exports in the transition from a net importer of natural gas. Chinese from early Paleozoic to Cenozoic development with several sets of black shale, shale gas geological reserves and the United States. After continuous efforts, the early Paleozoic strata in South China black shale obtained industrial gas shale gas, but Chinese basic theory research is still very weak, a series of geological problems lack of knowledge always restricts the development of shale gas China. Strengthen shale gas geological characteristics of Chinese southern black shale is a pressing matter of the moment of shale gas development, research in black shale Organic matter distribution and controlling factors of shale gas exploration and development is a guiding significance. Therefore, based on the northern margin of the Yangtze plate two Permian deep-water sedimentary facies formation as the research object, the selection of temple and Gan Xi two with continuous sedimentary records section, by scanning electron microscope (SEM), organic pollen qualitative observation Dalong formation exists in organic matter types and distribution, combined with high precision trace element geochemical data to discuss the effects of environmental factors on the preservation of organic matter, on this basis, combined with previous data summarized Dalong formation organic matter deposition pattern, provides the theoretical basis for shale gas assessment. Firstly, the author summarizes the organic quality control factors of modern marine sediments and preserve the geological history in black shale, found that both the geological history of modern sediments or sedimentary rocks, which influence occurrence of organic matter preservation The factor is the same: the type of organic matter (organic matter composition), productivity and preservation of the environment and the protective effect of clay mineral adsorption. It provides a theoretical basis and guidance for later work. The author selects the temple on the profile of 31 samples, 21 samples of Ganqi profile, the in situ observation of the occurrence and the type of organic matter the distribution by SEM. Two electron (SE) images and backscattered electron (BSE) organic matter image brightness, morphology and energy spectrum analysis is an important basis for identification of organic occurrence types. The results showed that dalongformation organic matter is divided into organic form, dispersed organic matter and three types of asphalt. On the back scattering picture all types of organic matter are black, but the form of organic matter is high stability of particulate organic matter with biological structure, retain the original information in the organism, shiny two electronic images; dispersion of organic matter is clay mineral With the interaction of organic products, in the two electronic picture for flaky mineral polymer in the back scattering mode for the black patch, with high C, low O, Si, Al; bulk asphalt by migration in the reservoir samples aperture system, the two electronic image under visible edges and fracture and the spectrum data show that the asphalt content of C, Si and Al.SEM showed little influence of diagenesis on the preservation of organic matter and the distribution is mainly reflected in the diffusion of organic matter and asphalt, has no obvious effect on the morphology of the preservation of organic matter on its own stability. With the deep diagenetic region (Ganqi profile the dispersion of clay minerals) organic matter form significantly in the sample, C content, high asphalt content in the sample. And the composition and form part of the asphalt will be affected by diagenesis. In order to compare with the results of SEM, the author of the temple, Ganqi profile samples were from there Organic matter processing. In the transmission light, the organic matter is divided into forms of organic matter and amorphous organic matter two forms. Form of organic matter is preserved particulate organic matter biological form, the spore type (including sporopollen fossils, fossils and other suspected source algae) and organic matter (including plant debris structure and animal debris), amorphous organic matter is mainly composed of amorphous and amorphous sponge particles. Among them, the author identifies spherical well preserved, ellipsoid type fossil Dictyotidium Leiosphaeridia, suspected source, suspected source of fossil Reduviasporonites chain, Cycadopites Lundbladispora and fossil foraminifera, lining film, and some algae spores and plant cell form of organic matter. The structure is very similar in the transmission light and SEM, can be directly corresponding forms of organic matter and SEM sponge; amorphous organic matter is the main diffusion of organic matter, slice into Go in the form of a polymer, which may be the result of organic condensation, the quantitative results in the vertical and TOC trends, these features can correspond to the dispersion of organic matter, also shows that the sponge amorphous organic matter (dispersed organic matter) is the main component of TOC sheet; granular amorphous organic matter can exist alone also, no amorphous organic matter in the polymerization with the sponge, but the particle morphology of organic matter has three-dimensional attributes, and can. Previous studies have reached the corresponding asphalt reduction and high water productivity is an important factor affecting the preservation of organic matter in group long, but the two is not described in detail how the role of the author. Considering the high precision trace element geochemistry, biological data and sea level changes, the temple section is divided into four stages, Ganqi profile is divided into five stages, and a detailed discussion of each order Effect of productivity and redox environment on the preservation of organic matter. The reduction of water environment can promote the preservation of organic matter, on the temple section in the second stage, Ganqi profile I, III stage, organic matter preservation important layer (TOC average value is greater than 3%) were deposited on the water. When the water continues to restore in a hypoxic state, water redox environment will reduce the influence on the preservation of organic matter, the productivity is the key factor to control the change of the content of TOC, as the temple section in the second stage, Ganqi profile phase III, the correlation between TOC and productivity index has an excellent (R2 = 0.79), reduction of environmental indicators associated with oxidation some are weak (R2 < 0.58); and when the water environment is oxidation and oxidation, as the temple section phase IV, Ganqi profile IV, V stage, TOC level is low, the average value of less than 1%, the conditions of ancient marine factors on organic matter The impact depends on the situation, if the shape of the organic content is high, then the productivity effect on the preservation of organic matter is more obvious, such as Ganqi Profile II, IV stage, whereas the water oxidation reduction environment is the main control factor, such as the temple section I, IV stage. Finally the writer integrated all data. The following summary of Dalong formation sedimentary model: Dalong group of ancient productivity is mainly caused by the Late Permian two transgression events in Yangtze area since Late Permian volcano activity, weathering intensified. Volcano activity and weathering caused large amount of nutrient elements and clay accumulation in the continental shelf of the lowlands, the late Permian sea level rose rapidly, nutrition the accumulation of material into the ocean system leads to increased productivity of adjacent sea basin, the oxygen consumption is increased and the formation of layered water. The anoxic environment often by seawater at the middle of diffusion, with dissolved oxygen in seawater To further reduce the amount of oxygen, the minimum zone extended to the bottom water formation of anoxic environment, clay minerals and organic matter at this time to maintain the water remaining oxygen consumption outside the interaction in the rapid settlement preservation, the formation of a large number of dispersed organic matter, so the surface water productivity is the main factor to control the preservation of organic matter. The anoxic environment continued until second the end of the period of the first transgression most nutrient elements have been consumed, so the second transgression started in the middle of productivity has been gradually reduced, the water environment in the suboxic anoxic environment to fluctuations between the TOC by the water environment and productivity jointly control the type of organic matter is controlled by the productivity and the content of clay minerals, organic matter and clay dispersion the mineral content is proportional to the form of organic matter and asphalt are also widespread. In the low sea level period, clay content reduced, a large number of Organic matter decomposition due to the adsorption of clay minerals and the lack of protection, the residual resistance degradation morphology of organic matter in the sample, almost no diffusion preservation of organic matter. To fully understand the occurrence of organic matter types in muddy source rock is helpful in understanding the formation of rock in the process of oil and gas resources, more conducive to the evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks and unconventional oil and gas exploration and development work. The organic matter is the form or suspected source of fossil pollen, itself has the advantages of high stability, but its content is less, not a good linear relationship with TOC diffusion; organic matter is the main component of amorphous organic matter, and TOC has the same trend, therefore, the author thinks that the diffusion of organic matter is the main organic rich siliceous mudstone TOC, dispersion with organic matter as hydrocarbon source rock potential, also shows that TOC can reflect the primary siliceous mudstone organic matter preservation; massive drain Green is the organic matter after the migration, when there are a lot of asphalt samples TOC does not accurately reflect the marine productivity level, but the residual asphalt with cracking ability of deep buried condition. The author thinks that the Dalong formation with organic matter hydrocarbon producing potential, but the maturity of Guangyuan area is relatively low, the Hubei area of Jianshi Dalong group shale gas exploration horizon better.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P618.13

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