本文關(guān)鍵詞：龜類生境利用的生態(tài)形態(tài)適應(yīng)及兩種閉殼龜?shù)膶?shí)證研究　出處：《海南師范大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 龜類 生態(tài)形態(tài)學(xué) 體形 微生境選擇 隱蔽場(chǎng)所

【摘要】：動(dòng)物的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)決定行為功能,并與其生存環(huán)境相適應(yīng)。龜類占據(jù)從水生到陸生的多樣化生境,其形態(tài)和行為差異較大,是生態(tài)形態(tài)學(xué)研究的理想實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象。龜類的生態(tài)形態(tài)學(xué)特征受到多種生態(tài)因素影響,其中生態(tài)位分離是導(dǎo)致龜類形態(tài)變異的主要生態(tài)因素。盡管龜類的生態(tài)形態(tài)學(xué)研究較為廣泛,但還存在諸如生境分類主觀而簡(jiǎn)單、對(duì)同域陸生物種的研究缺乏、忽視兩性異形的影響等問題,導(dǎo)致不能深入、有效地解釋龜類形態(tài)變異的生態(tài)機(jī)理。此外,國(guó)內(nèi)尚無龜類生態(tài)形態(tài)學(xué)的研究,其他動(dòng)物類群的研究也僅見于蜥蜴和鳥類的零星報(bào)道。為揭示世界龜類形態(tài)變化規(guī)律以及生態(tài)成因,本文根據(jù)不同生境特征對(duì)龜類的生境進(jìn)行詳細(xì)劃分,研究龜類的個(gè)體大小和體形與生境的相關(guān)性,并以同域分布于海南島的平頂閉殼龜(Coura mouhotii)和黃額閉殼龜(C.galbinifrons)為實(shí)證研究對(duì)象,研究?jī)晌锓N形態(tài)、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力與微生境選擇之間的關(guān)系,闡述兩物種形態(tài)差異的生態(tài)學(xué)原因。研究結(jié)果分述如下:龜類個(gè)體大小和體形與生境的相關(guān)性:結(jié)合目前龜類生境分類的方法,根據(jù)不同特征將龜類的生境分為海洋、淡水、大陸性陸地和島嶼性陸地4種類型,并根據(jù)水域面積和流速將淡水生境細(xì)分為大流水水域、大靜水水域、小流水水域、小靜水水域和所有水域5種亞類型,根據(jù)干旱程度和地勢(shì)將大陸性陸地生境細(xì)分為荒漠、平地和高地3種亞類型。我們共收集了來自文獻(xiàn)的331種龜類的個(gè)體大小,即最大背甲長(zhǎng)數(shù)據(jù)(占總物種數(shù)335種的98.8%),并將其歸入上述4種生境類型和8種亞類型中。為消除系統(tǒng)發(fā)育對(duì)生境的影響,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析時(shí)將科作為因素之一進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,龜類個(gè)體大小與其生境類型存在相關(guān)性,海龜個(gè)體最大(134.86cm),島嶼性陸龜次之(80.05cm),淡水龜(32.6cm)和大陸性陸龜(27.08 cm)個(gè)體最小,且淡水龜類與大陸性陸生龜類的個(gè)體大小不存在顯著的差異。此外,淡水龜類的個(gè)體大小與5種亞類型生境有關(guān),大水域的個(gè)體大(大靜水水域=50.30 cm,大流水水域=39.86cm),小水域的個(gè)體小(小靜水水域=23.78 cm,小流水水域=23.79cm)。大陸性陸龜?shù)膫�(gè)體大小從高地(24.86cm)到平地(26.15cm)再到荒漠(39.11cm)有逐漸變大的趨勢(shì),但不存在顯著的差異。我們共收集和測(cè)量了115種(占總物種數(shù)34.33%)6664只成體的背甲長(zhǎng)、背甲寬和背甲高數(shù)據(jù),并計(jì)算背甲高與背甲寬的比值(R)作為體形指標(biāo)(R越大體形越高拱),將其歸入上述4種生境類型和8種生境亞類型,從而研究龜類生境與體形之間的關(guān)系。由于龜類雌性的R值(0.56±0.12)顯著大于雄性(0.54±0.14),存在兩性異形現(xiàn)象(Paired t-test:t=3.367,df=86,P=0.001),因此后續(xù)對(duì)雌雄單獨(dú)進(jìn)行分析,以消除兩性異性的影響。相關(guān)分析表明水生環(huán)境(海洋與淡水)的龜類雌雄體形均與背甲長(zhǎng)呈顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)(♀r2=0.198,F1,63=15.571,P0.0001;♂r2=0.227,F1,54=15.813,P0.0001),即體形隨個(gè)體的增大而更加扁平,而雄性陸生龜類(大陸和島嶼)則相反,體形則隨個(gè)體的增大而更加高拱(r2=0.132,F1,40=6.072,P=0.018)。龜類體形在4種生境類型中存在顯著的差異,從海洋、淡水、大陸性陸地到島嶼陸地,其拱形程度逐漸增大(雌性R值分別為0.40、0.50、0.63和0.70;雄性的R值分別為0.37、0.47、0.63和0.71)。雌雄淡水龜類體形與5種生境亞類型無關(guān),雌雄大陸性陸龜?shù)捏w形也與其3種生境亞類型無關(guān)。同域分布的兩種閉殼龜形態(tài)、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力和微生境利用之間的關(guān)系:于2015年4月至2016年2月在海南吊羅山國(guó)家自然保護(hù)區(qū),采用無線電遙測(cè)技術(shù)和圈圍實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了平頂閉殼龜和黃額閉殼龜?shù)奈⑸尺x擇和偏好,并在室內(nèi)測(cè)量其運(yùn)動(dòng)能力(爬坡能力和翻身能力)和形態(tài)特征,探究他們微生境利用、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力和形態(tài)之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明平頂閉殼龜背甲扁平,在野外偏好多石且較陡的微生境,多選擇石縫作為其隱蔽場(chǎng)所;而黃額閉殼龜背甲較高拱,偏好落葉蓋度和厚度較大的緩坡微生境,并選擇躲藏在疏松的落葉層下。半自然條件下(圈圍實(shí)驗(yàn)),無論兩物種之間是否存在競(jìng)爭(zhēng),它們的微生境選擇與野外遙測(cè)結(jié)果一致,表明兩物種穩(wěn)定地占有不同的生態(tài)位。此外,平頂閉殼龜具有較強(qiáng)的爬坡能力和翻身能力,與其扁平的背甲和較大的頭部有關(guān),從而能適應(yīng)陡而多石的微生境;而頭部較小的高拱形黃額閉殼龜?shù)呐榔履芰头砟芰^弱,限制其選擇較平緩的微生境。這些結(jié)果表明,形態(tài)和功能的差異導(dǎo)致這兩種閉殼龜有效地利用不同的微生境,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)同域共存。平頂閉殼龜?shù)亩囱ㄟx擇及其形態(tài)適應(yīng):測(cè)量平頂閉殼龜在野外所選擇的隱蔽場(chǎng)所─石縫的大小和結(jié)構(gòu)特征,并在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)人工控制實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證其形態(tài)與石縫大小之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明,平頂閉殼龜偏好中等寬度和洞高接近自身背甲高的石縫,并把身體嵌入石縫最深處使得背甲與洞頂緊密接觸,在石縫內(nèi)主要采取頭朝內(nèi),而使具有鋸齒的背甲后緣朝外的行為方式躲藏。綜上所述,龜類的個(gè)體大小和體形與其生境利用相適應(yīng),同域分布的平頂閉殼龜與黃額閉殼龜?shù)男螒B(tài)差異主要是為了適應(yīng)不同的微生境和特殊的隱蔽場(chǎng)所。解釋形態(tài)變異的成因是進(jìn)化生物學(xué)研究的重要基礎(chǔ),本研究揭示了龜類形態(tài)變異的生態(tài)成因,為動(dòng)物形態(tài)的進(jìn)化適應(yīng)研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。此外,本研究的開展將引領(lǐng)國(guó)內(nèi)在這方面的探索,也將對(duì)瀕危物種的保護(hù)、管理、人工種群的建立及今后的再引入與種群恢復(fù)等工作具有理論和實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:The morphological structure of an animal determines its behavioral function and adapts to its living environment. Turtles occupy a variety of habitats from aquatic to terrestrial, with large differences in morphology and behavior, which is an ideal experimental object for the study of ecologic morphology. The ecologic morphological characteristics of turtles are influenced by various ecological factors, and niche separation is the main ecological factor that leads to the morphological variation of tortoises. Although turbidities are widely studied, there are still some problems, such as habitat classification, subjective and simple, lack of research on the same terrestrial species and neglect of the influence of sexual dimorphism. In addition, there is no study on the ecologic morphology of the turtles in China, and the study of other animal groups is only seen in the sporadic reports of lizards and birds. In order to reveal the world turtle species variation and ecological causes, this paper divided according to the different habitat characteristics of habitat for the turtles, turtles correlation between body size and shape and habitat, and in the same domain distribution in Hainan Island box turtle (Coura mouhotii) flat and Cuora galbinifrons (C.galbinifrons) as an example the object of study, to study the relationship between the two species, the exercise ability and microhabitat selection, expounds two species morphological differences in ecology. The results were as follows: the correlation between body size and shape of the turtle habitat: combining the turtle habitat classification method, according to the different characteristics of the turtle's habitat will be divided into marine, freshwater, continental islands and land of land of 4 types, and according to the water area and flow velocity will be subdivided into large freshwater habitats water water, water, water, water hydrostatic small small still waters and all the waters of 5 sub types, according to the degree of drought and the mainland land habitat of desert, plains and Highlands is subdivided into 3 sub types. We collected from the individual size of 331 species of turtles, namely the maximum carapace length data (335 of the total species number 98.8%), and will be classified as the 4 habitat types and 8 sub types. In order to eliminate the impact of phylogeny on habitat, statistical analysis is used as one of the factors to be analyzed. The results show that the correlation between the size of individual turtles and habitat types, the largest individual turtle (134.86cm), the island of the tortoise (80.05cm), freshwater turtle (32.6cm) and continental tortoises (27.08 cm) and the smallest individual, freshwater turtles and continental terrestrial turtles a body size is not obvious the difference. In addition, the individual size of freshwater turtles is related to 5 subtypes of habitats, large individuals in large waters (large hydrostatic waters, =50.30 cm, large water =39.86cm), small individuals in small waters (small still waters =23.78 cm, and small water flowing waters =23.79cm). The size of individual continental tortoises from the highlands (24.86cm) to ground (26.15cm) to the desert (39.11cm) was gradually decreased, but there is no significant difference. We collected and measured 115 (total 34.33% species) of 6664 adult carapace length, carapace width and carapace height data, and calculate the carapace ratio and high dorsal carapace width (R) as the shape index (R is larger, the shape is high) in the 4 habitat types and 8 sub types of habitats, so as to study the relationship between turtle habitat and shape. Because the R value of female turtles is (0.56 + 0.12), which is significantly larger than that of males (0.54 + 0.14), there exists sexual dimorphism (Paired t-test:t=3.367, df=86, P=0.001). Therefore, the analysis of male and female separately is conducted to eliminate the influence of sexual heterosexual. The correlation analysis showed that the aquatic environment (Marine and freshwater turtles) male and female body shape and carapace length were negatively correlated (F1,63=15.571, female r2=0.198, male r2=0.227, F1,54=15.813, P0.0001; P0.0001), the body with individual increases more flat, while the male Lu Shenggui class (mainland and island) in shape with the increase of individual higher (r2=0.132, F1,40=6.072, P=0.018). The shape of turtles is significantly different in 4 habitats. From the ocean, fresh water, continental land to island land, the vaulting degree increases gradually (the female R values are 0.40, 0.50, 0.63 and 0.70 respectively, and the R values of males are 0.37, 0.47, 0.63 and 0.71). Regardless of male and female freshwater turtle shape and 5 kinds of habitat sub types, regardless of male and female continental tortoise shape is its 3 subtypes of habitat. The relationship between the distribution of the two domain of Cuora morphology, motility and microhabitat use: hanging in Luoshan National Nature Reserve in Hainan from April 2015 to February 2016, using radio telemetry and circle of flat box turtle Cuora galbinifrons and the surrounding microhabitat selection and preference, and measure its ability in sports (indoor climbing ability and turning ability) and morphological features, explore the relationship between their microhabitat use, between exercise capacity and morphology. The results show that the flat box turtle carapace flat in the wild, a lot of stone and partial steep microhabitats, choose more stones as its hidden places; and a high amount of yellow box turtle, coverage and thickness of the gentle slope of microhabitat preference leaves, and choose to hide in the leaves under the loose layer. Under semi natural conditions (circle experiment), no matter whether there is competition among two species, their microhabitat selection is consistent with the field telemetry results, indicating that two species occupy different niche niches. In addition, the flat box turtle has a strong climbing ability and turning ability, with flat carapace and large head, which can adapt to the steep and rocky microhabitats; and the head of small high arch C. galbinifrons climbing ability and turning ability is weak, limiting the choice of gentlier microhabitat. These results indicate that the morphological and functional differences lead to these two kinds of Cuora effectively use different microhabitats, so as to realize the coexistence. To select and shape of flat box turtle Cave: measuring flat Cuora selected in the wild
【學(xué)位授予單位】：海南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：Q958.8

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