本文選題：人為活動(dòng) + 被動(dòng)采樣技術(shù)　； 參考：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院廣州地球化學(xué)研究所)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：頻繁的人為活動(dòng)給環(huán)境帶來(lái)了各種污染,其中以有機(jī)污染物最受到人們的關(guān)注。疏水性有機(jī)污染物,例如持久性有機(jī)污染物,因其長(zhǎng)久性、生物可放大性、生物積累,容易長(zhǎng)距離遷移等特點(diǎn),對(duì)人類和環(huán)境帶來(lái)潛在的危害。測(cè)量水中溶解態(tài)的有機(jī)污染物可以為評(píng)估水中生物甚至是人類的暴露提供十分有效的信息,為制定相關(guān)的控制水體污染措施提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)。被動(dòng)采樣技術(shù)具有成本低,容易操作等優(yōu)點(diǎn),為建立全球水體有機(jī)污染物的監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供了一個(gè)契機(jī)。在現(xiàn)有的被動(dòng)采樣器中,利用低密度聚乙烯膜為吸附相的采樣器,因其價(jià)格低廉、重復(fù)性高、野外操作簡(jiǎn)單,被廣泛認(rèn)為是最適合測(cè)量水中有機(jī)污染物的被動(dòng)采樣器。本研究利用自主研發(fā)的被動(dòng)采樣裝置,選擇南極洲的內(nèi)陸湖與我國(guó)水域作為采樣點(diǎn),驗(yàn)證采樣裝置的可行性,并測(cè)定其水體環(huán)境中典型溶解態(tài)有機(jī)污染物多環(huán)芳烴(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,簡(jiǎn)稱PAHs),分析其污染特征,驗(yàn)證人為活動(dòng)對(duì)自然環(huán)境的影響。近年來(lái),隨著旅游業(yè)的快速發(fā)展以及密集的科學(xué)考察活動(dòng),一直被視為地球最后的凈土的南極洲,有可能已被污染。南極內(nèi)湖泊中的自由溶解態(tài)的∑PAH的濃度范圍為14~360 ng L-1(中值:279 ng L-1),其中濃度最高點(diǎn)在靠近公路、燃油儲(chǔ)存地以及科考站的俄羅斯湖。這表明南極洲內(nèi)陸湖水中的PAHs很可能是當(dāng)?shù)氐娜藶榛顒?dòng)帶來(lái)的。和其他偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)以及背景區(qū)域的PAHs的濃度水平相比,這些內(nèi)陸湖水中溶解態(tài)的PAHs的濃度水平處于中上水平,即高于絕大多數(shù)背景區(qū)域PAHs的濃度。PAHs的組成分析顯示,所有湖泊中低分子量PAHs(1-甲基萘和2-甲基萘)在∑PAH中均占了比較重要的比例,暗示了南極湖泊中的PAHs污染來(lái)源很可能為原油泄漏。近些年,大量的報(bào)道表明,在南極洲發(fā)生的輪船碰撞、飛機(jī)墜毀事件,造成大量的燃油在極地發(fā)生泄漏,這從側(cè)面證實(shí)了我們的假設(shè)。此外,采樣時(shí)拍攝的照片上,在湖水的表面發(fā)現(xiàn)了漂浮的油漬;樣品中PAHs的質(zhì)譜圖與南極主要的燃油—航空煤油的十分相似。多數(shù)證據(jù)表明南極洲內(nèi)陸湖湖水中的PAHs主要是來(lái)自當(dāng)?shù)厝藶榛顒?dòng),而非一直認(rèn)為的大氣長(zhǎng)距離傳輸。評(píng)估淡水水體是否受到有機(jī)污染物的污染以及其污染的程度,與人們的健康息息相關(guān),同時(shí)可以為政府相關(guān)職能部門制定有效的飲用水安全措施提供至關(guān)重要的基礎(chǔ)信息。在中國(guó),目前還沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的全國(guó)淡水中有機(jī)污染物的濃度的報(bào)道。為了彌補(bǔ)這一空白,本研究在全國(guó)的東北、中部以及西北地區(qū)共47個(gè)淡水水體,包括湖泊、河流以及水庫(kù)中放置了被動(dòng)水體采樣器,以期獲得表層水中的有機(jī)污染物的濃度。結(jié)果顯示這些淡水水域的表層水中溶解態(tài)的∑24PAH的范圍為0.28~538 ng L-1,其中濃度最高的點(diǎn)在武漢人口密集區(qū)域的南湖,濃度最低的點(diǎn)在西藏的納木錯(cuò)湖�！�24PAH在中國(guó)的西部、中部、東部的平均值分別為5.2±4.2、9±10和14±16 ng L-1,在空間上的分布和人口密度的分布十分相似。二者的相關(guān)性分析關(guān)系發(fā)現(xiàn),人口密度和表層水中溶解態(tài)PAHs的濃度有顯著的線性相關(guān)性。隨著PAHs化合物個(gè)數(shù)的增加,線性相關(guān)性越好,表明研究區(qū)域內(nèi)水體中溶解態(tài)PAHs可能是來(lái)自跟人類活動(dòng)相關(guān)的多個(gè)不同的來(lái)源。除了人口密度,一個(gè)區(qū)域的工業(yè)化程度也可能影響水中溶解態(tài)PAHs的濃度。例如,松花江流域和遼河流域人口的密度十分相近,但松花江流域接收的工業(yè)廢水排放量要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于遼河流域接受的工業(yè)廢水排放量。相應(yīng)地,在松花江流域的∑7PAH平均濃度要比遼河流域的值高出1~2個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí),尤其是在吉林市周邊的水體中∑7PAH要顯著高于其在非吉林周邊水體中值。通過(guò)PAHs的組成分析、同分異構(gòu)體比值分析法以及主因子分析?多元線性回歸分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)我國(guó)表層水體中PAHs主要來(lái)自于石油源,化石燃料的燃燒來(lái)源以及存在煤和生物質(zhì)燃燒的混合源。除了武漢南湖水體中蒽(anthracene)的濃度(27 ng L-1)超過(guò)加拿大環(huán)境理事會(huì)的水環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(其水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中規(guī)定:對(duì)于水生生物長(zhǎng)期暴露的水體,蒽的濃度不能超過(guò)12 ng L-1),其余所有采樣點(diǎn)的單個(gè)PAH化合物濃度均未超過(guò)相關(guān)環(huán)境機(jī)構(gòu),包括美國(guó)環(huán)保署,歐盟以及加拿大環(huán)境理事會(huì)頒發(fā)的水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外,上述結(jié)果亦顯示可通過(guò)被動(dòng)采樣器建立一個(gè)全球范圍的水體有機(jī)污染物的監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
[Abstract]:Frequent human activities have brought various pollution to the environment, among which organic pollutants are the most concerned. Hydrophobic organic pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants, have the characteristics of long-term, biological magnification, biological accumulation, easy long distance migration and other potential hazards to human and the environment. Organic pollutants can provide very effective information for assessing the exposure of aquatic organisms and even human beings, providing basic data for the formulation of relevant measures to control water pollution. The passive sampling technique has the advantages of low cost and easy operation. It provides an opportunity for the establishment of a monitoring network for organic pollutants in the world. In passive sampler, low density polyethylene film is used as a sampler for adsorption phase. Because of its low price, high repeatability and simple field operation, it is widely considered as the most suitable passive sampler for measuring organic pollutants in water. This study uses the self developed passive sampling device to select the inland lake of Antarctica and the water in our country as sampling. To verify the feasibility of the sampling device, and to determine the typical dissolved organic pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) in the water environment, analyze the pollution characteristics and verify the effect of human activities on the natural environment. In recent years, with the rapid development of tourism and the intensive scientific investigation activities, it has always been used. Antarctica, considered the last net earth of the earth, may have been contaminated. The concentration of the free dissolved Sigma PAH in the lakes in the Antarctic is 14~360 ng L-1 (median: 279 ng L-1), of which the highest concentration is near the highway, the oil storage area and the Russian lake at the science station. This indicates that the PAHs in the inland lake water of Antarctica is probably local. The concentration level of dissolved PAHs in these inland lakes is in the middle and upper level compared with the concentration levels of PAHs in other remote areas and in the background area, that is, the composition analysis of the concentration.PAHs above the overwhelming majority of the background region PAHs shows that the low molecular weight PAHs (1- methyl naphthalene and 2- methylnaphthalene) in all lakes is in the lake. The significant proportion of the sigma PAH indicates that the source of PAHs pollution in the Antarctic lakes is likely to be a crude oil leak. In recent years, a large number of reports indicate that the ship crash in Antarctica, the aircraft crash, caused a large amount of fuel in the polar region to leak, which confirms our hypothesis in the side. In addition, samples taken during sampling. On the surface of the lake, floating oil stains were found on the surface of the lake; the mass spectra of PAHs in the samples were very similar to that of the major Antarctic fuel - aviation kerosene. Most evidence showed that the PAHs in the inland lake and lake water of Antarctica was mainly from the local human activities rather than the long-range transmission of the atmosphere. Pollution of pollutants and the extent of their pollution are closely related to people's health. At the same time, it can provide important basic information for the government related functional departments to formulate effective drinking water safety measures. In China, there is no unified report on the concentration of organic pollutants in the country's fresh water. A total of 47 freshwater bodies in the northeast, central and northwestern regions of the country, including lakes, rivers and reservoirs, are placed in a passive water sampler to obtain the concentration of organic pollutants in the surface water. The results show that the dissolved Sigma 24PAH in the surface water of these freshwater waters is 0.28~538 ng L-1, with the highest concentration. The lowest concentration point is in the Nam Co Lake in Tibet, in the densely populated area of Wuhan. The mean value of sigma 24PAH in the western, central and eastern part of China is 5.2 + 4.2,9 + 10 and 14 + 16 ng L-1 respectively. The distribution of the space is very similar to the distribution of population density. The relationship between the two is found, population density and surface water. The concentration of dissolved PAHs has a significant linear correlation. With the increase of the number of PAHs compounds, the better the linear correlation is, indicating that the dissolved PAHs in the water body may come from a number of different sources related to human activity. In addition to the population density, the industrial degree of a region may also affect the dissolved PAHs in the water. For example, the density of the population in the Songhua River basin and the Liaohe River Basin is very close, but the discharge of the industrial waste water received by the Songhua River Valley is much higher than that of the industrial waste water received by the Liao River Basin. Accordingly, the mean concentration of the sigma 7PAH in Songhua River basin is higher than the value of the Liaohe River Basin by 1~2 orders of magnitude, especially in the Jilin week. The sigma 7PAH in the water body is significantly higher than that in the non Jilin waters. Through the analysis of the composition of PAHs, the isomer ratio analysis and the main factor analysis? Multiple linear regression analysis, it is found that the main source of PAHs in the surface water body of our country is from the source of oil, the source of the combustion of fossil fuel and the mixture of coal and biomass combustion. Source. The concentration of anthracene (anthracene) (27 ng L-1) in the water body of the southern Lake of Wuhan exceeds the water environment standard of the Canadian Environmental Council (its water standard stipulates that the concentration of anthracene can not exceed 12 ng L-1 for the long exposure water body of aquatic organisms), and the concentration of individual PAH compounds at all other sampling points do not exceed the relevant environmental institutions, including The water standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the European Union and the Canadian Environmental Council. In addition, the results also show that a global monitoring network for organic pollutants can be established through passive samplers.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國(guó)科學(xué)院廣州地球化學(xué)研究所)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X52;X832

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 ;Distribution and characteristic of PAHs in snow of Fildes Peninsula[J];Journal of Environmental Sciences;2011年09期

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本文編號(hào)：1986282