本文選題：層狀巖體　切入點(diǎn)：物理模型　出處：《中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：針對深部工程環(huán)境復(fù)雜巖體力學(xué)行為精細(xì)探測的科學(xué)問題,以不同傾角的層狀沉積巖體作為物理模擬的研究對象,主要開展了水平巖層、45度傾斜巖層工程地質(zhì)巖體的物理模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)及紅外探測研究。通過對紅外圖像的處理分析,表明平均紅外輻射溫度的演化曲線揭示了巖體在外荷載作用下的變化規(guī)律,紅外圖像表征了巖體的結(jié)構(gòu)響應(yīng),傅里葉頻譜刻畫了應(yīng)力波在巖體中的傳播及巖體的損傷程度。深入揭示了層理化巖體在高應(yīng)力條件下變形破壞的力學(xué)規(guī)律。在紅外圖像的處理與分析方面取得了創(chuàng)新性成果。為了處理物理模型實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中采集的具有低信噪比和低對比度等缺陷的紅外圖像,提出了新的紅外圖像處理算法,該算法主要包括下列運(yùn)算:圖像折減去除環(huán)境輻射噪聲,中值濾波減少脈沖噪聲,高斯高通濾波(GHPF)去除周期性添加噪聲,最后是多尺度形態(tài)學(xué)增強(qiáng)濾波(MIF)來增強(qiáng)低對比度紅外圖像。MIF是一個(gè)圖像增強(qiáng)濾波器,它是基于白頂帽變換并同時(shí)放大圖像峰值的原則開發(fā)的。正方形的結(jié)構(gòu)元素有多尺度邊長?,?的取值范圍從最小探測裂紋到最大探測目標(biāo)之間變換。還有灰度峰值,它是用比例因子1/?與紅外圖像的峰值相乘,從而可以把小的探測目標(biāo)放大到一個(gè)較大的幅值并且把大的探測目標(biāo)保持中等水平。經(jīng)過處理后的紅外圖像能夠清晰的反映溫度場的微小變化。水平巖層物理模型巷道破壞的主要原因是巷道兩幫水平應(yīng)力釋放、垂直應(yīng)力增高,在巷道兩幫形成無側(cè)向約束的壓應(yīng)力區(qū),該區(qū)域巖石以軟弱煤層為主。煤層在集中壓應(yīng)力作用下產(chǎn)生塑性變形或沿節(jié)理弱面錯(cuò)動(dòng),最終引起煤層破碎變形。由于層狀巖體破碎,層間基本無粘聚力,巷道兩幫壓應(yīng)力區(qū)的集中應(yīng)力只需克服層間摩擦力,就能引起層間滑移。實(shí)驗(yàn)中表現(xiàn)為初始加載階段巷道兩幫巖體向臨空區(qū)水平推出,但是巷道本身尚未發(fā)生破壞。對于巷道頂、底板巖層在與層理方向平行的集中壓力作用下,向巷道臨空方向產(chǎn)生撓曲變形,主要表現(xiàn)為頂板下沉和底鼓。水平巖層物理模型的底板巖性主要為煤層,強(qiáng)度相對較低,極易發(fā)生底鼓現(xiàn)象。而巷道頂板可看作兩端承受巨大壓力擠壓的承載巖梁,因此巖梁不是在垂直壓力下以梁的形式破壞而是在巨大的水平壓力作用下破壞的。在較大的水平壓力作用下,巖梁拉應(yīng)力區(qū)幾近消失,故實(shí)驗(yàn)中巷道頂板并沒有在較小的應(yīng)力水平下就受拉破壞。水平巖層物理模型巷道采用新紅外圖像對巖體響應(yīng)進(jìn)行了分析,同時(shí)使用模型照片、舊紅外圖像與新紅外圖像進(jìn)行對比,說明經(jīng)過降噪濾波和圖像增強(qiáng)濾波后的紅外圖像質(zhì)量有明顯的提高。新紅外圖像對巖石破壞的前兆預(yù)警是非常準(zhǔn)確的,并且對水平巖層物理模型巷道巖體的破壞機(jī)制有了更深刻的理解。從紅外特征分析和應(yīng)變分析兩種方法可以看出在應(yīng)力增加時(shí)會對巷道圍巖有明顯的影響。而對于應(yīng)變變化來講,兩幫和底板的應(yīng)變變化明顯要大于頂板的變化,說明巷道兩幫及底板的煤層部位受外荷載的影響較大。紅外圖像揭示了在外荷載作用下,巖層之間存在強(qiáng)烈的靜摩擦與動(dòng)摩擦現(xiàn)象,其中動(dòng)摩擦滑移是變形破壞的根源。45度傾斜巖層的平均紅外輻射溫度(irt)曲線表征了受載巖體的整體能量釋放率。根據(jù)irt曲線可知45度傾斜巖層的破壞特征:在初始加載階段irt曲線上的線性段表示模型的處于彈性完整狀態(tài),在后續(xù)加載階段irt曲線的無規(guī)則多周期波動(dòng)表示急傾斜巖體在壓力作用下出現(xiàn)粘滑行為。外荷載水平和加載速率對irt曲線也有明顯的影響:在低荷載水平和低加載速率下irt曲線震蕩周期長并且振幅小;反之,在高荷載水平及高加載速率下irt曲線震蕩周期短并且振幅大。通過紅外圖像序列可以很好的解釋45度傾斜巖層地層之間的各向異性行為。初始加載階段紅外圖像的溫度分布呈現(xiàn)出散射無規(guī)則的模式,揭示此時(shí)模型處于彈性完整狀態(tài);在初始加載階段也可以通過條帶狀分布的紅外溫度觀察巖石的各向異性行為。在隨后的加載過程中,靜態(tài)摩擦與irt曲線的粘性階段對應(yīng),巖層內(nèi)部巖塊之間激烈的靜態(tài)摩擦和地層界面之間的靜態(tài)摩擦通過高低溫大尺度紅外溫度分布表征。綜上所述,45度傾斜巖層物理模型在低加載水平階段,對應(yīng)于高紅外溫度條帶的煤層由于激烈的內(nèi)在摩擦首先發(fā)生變形,而對應(yīng)于低紅外溫度條帶的泥巖變形較小;在高加載水平階段對應(yīng)于irt曲線的滑動(dòng)階段,此階段的紅外溫度分布模式發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn),即:低紅外溫度條帶表征煤層而高紅外溫度條帶表征泥巖,揭示了由于滑動(dòng)和斷裂引起煤層松動(dòng)。紅外圖像序列中的紅外溫度分布可以很好的表征巷道左右?guī)褪湛s、直接頂分離以及底鼓等現(xiàn)象。通過對45度傾斜巖層的紅外圖像分析可知加載速率對物理模型的破壞也有一定的影響,即:在低荷載水平和低加載速率下,模型巖體以靜摩擦為主;在高荷載水平及高加載速率下,模型巖體主要發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)摩擦、斷裂、層間滑移等現(xiàn)象。45度傾斜巖層紅外圖像的傅里葉頻譜分析表明:在低加載速率階段,低輻值、無主導(dǎo)頻率的主要分量代表了圍巖變形的彈性階段,高頻帶上的主要分量代表了巖體的損傷出現(xiàn),損傷的程度與頻率成反比;在高加載速率階段,主要分量的輻值明顯高于前者,其輻值最高的主要分量代表了關(guān)鍵破壞。說明傅里葉頻譜對外荷載及應(yīng)力變化更加敏感:在粘性階段提供高波段和高振幅的前兆預(yù)警;在誘發(fā)斷裂破壞的瞬間提供低波段和超高振幅預(yù)兆。與irt曲線及紅外圖像相比,圖像矩陣的傅里葉頻譜對外荷載的變化更加敏感。主要分量(周期分量)的頻率和幅度可以很好的表征荷載增加和應(yīng)力變化。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中的大多數(shù)加載階段的側(cè)壓力系數(shù)都大于一,即:水平應(yīng)力大于垂直應(yīng)力。相應(yīng)地水平頻譜比垂直頻譜有更多具有較高振幅的主要分量,很好的表征了巖石的各向異性。粘性階段可與IRT曲線的峰值對應(yīng),并通過水平傅里葉頻譜中具有高振幅落在高頻段的單一分量表征�；齐A段主要與IRT曲線的谷值相對應(yīng),可以通過具有高振幅并落在低頻段的主要分量表征,也叫做所謂的頻移。這些異常分量都是即將發(fā)生巖石破壞事件的前兆預(yù)警信息。用傅里葉頻譜F(u)和F(v)及空間頻率來描述紅外圖像的頻譜特征。在超高頻段的高幅值主要分量可以作為即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)態(tài)層間滑動(dòng)或斷裂的前兆預(yù)警信息,還可對正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)態(tài)特征進(jìn)行預(yù)測。低頻段的主要分量有以下兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):(1)如果是高振幅的主要分量可以作為大尺度層間滑動(dòng)的前兆,(2)如果是振幅中等或較小的主要分量則可以作為應(yīng)力重分布延伸影響的一個(gè)指標(biāo)。經(jīng)過處理后的紅外圖像通過兩種紅外溫度分布模式能夠很好的表征巖體的力學(xué)行為。在低加載水平階段,煤層受荷載作用較強(qiáng)所以表現(xiàn)出高紅外溫度分布而泥巖層受荷載作用較弱故表現(xiàn)出低紅外溫度分布。在高加載水平階段紅外溫度分布發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn),即:泥巖層受到較強(qiáng)的荷載作用而表現(xiàn)出高紅外溫度分布,煤層受到較弱的荷載作用表現(xiàn)為低紅外溫度分布。高紅外溫度分布模式表征巖石的靜態(tài)層理摩擦,低紅外溫度分布模式則表征巖石的動(dòng)態(tài)滑動(dòng)摩擦。對兩種不同角度巖層物理模型的紅外圖像進(jìn)行比較,可以獲得更多描述層狀巖體結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng)的知識:對水平巖層物理模型來說紅外圖像的溫度以局部化塑性方式分布;對于45度傾斜巖層物理模型來說紅外圖像中呈現(xiàn)出條帶狀的局部化溫度分布,紅外圖像中高對比度的條帶反映了巖層傾角導(dǎo)致模型發(fā)生不穩(wěn)定摩擦滑動(dòng)損傷。說明紅外圖像能直觀的反應(yīng)模型摩擦滑動(dòng)等結(jié)構(gòu)效應(yīng),揭示了物理模型在外荷載作用下的變形破壞機(jī)制與地層角度有密切關(guān)系。本文將紅外熱成像技術(shù)成功應(yīng)用于大尺度物理模型實(shí)驗(yàn)探測,解決了熱彈性與熱塑性的識別問題。得到了水平巖層和45度傾斜巖層巷道在外荷載作用變形破壞特征。對復(fù)雜巖體結(jié)構(gòu)的力學(xué)行為與破壞機(jī)理認(rèn)識具有重要意義,無論是現(xiàn)場工程地質(zhì)體的探測還是實(shí)驗(yàn)室大尺度物理模型實(shí)驗(yàn)的探測紅外熱成像技術(shù)都有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。
[Abstract]:In view of the deep complex engineering environment scientific problems of mechanical behavior of rock mass fine detection, with different angle layered sedimentary rock mass as the research object of physical simulation, mainly carried out the level of rock physics 45 degree tilt rock engineering geological rock simulation experiment and infrared detection research on infrared image processing. Through the analysis, show that the average curve evolution the infrared radiation temperature reveals the variation of rock mass under external loads, the infrared image to characterize the response of rock structure, the Fourier spectrum depicts the damage degree of rock mass and propagation of stress wave in rock mass in. To reveal the laws of mechanics of deformation and failure of rock mass bedding under high stress conditions. To make innovation results in the processing and analysis of infrared image acquisition and processing. In order to process the physical model experiment with low signal-to-noise ratio and low contrast of defects such as red The external image, put forward the new infrared image processing algorithm, the algorithm mainly includes the following operations: image reduction and remove the environmental noise, median filter to reduce impulse noise, Gauss high pass filter (GHPF) to remove the periodic add noise, finally the multi-scale morphological filter (MIF) to enhance the low contrast infrared image.MIF an image enhancement filter, which is based on the development of the white top hat transformation and enlarge the image peak principle. The multi-scale structure elements of the square length, ranging from?? the minimum crack detection to transform between the maximum detection target. And it is a gray peak, with the proportion of 1/ factor and peak of infrared image multiplication? Thus, the detection of small target amplification to a larger amplitude and the detection target to keep the middle level. After the processed infrared image can reflect the temperature field in the clear Small changes. The main reason for the failure of horizontal rock physical model is the release of stress roadway two horizontal, vertical Li Zenggao, in two sides of roadway forming no lateral restraint compressive stress area, the area of rock to soft coal seam. Coal seam in compressive stress under the action of plastic deformation along the joints or weak surface dislocation, resulting in coal seam fracture deformation. Due to layered rock crushing, basically no cohesion between the layers, two sides of roadway pressure should be concentrated stress force need to overcome the friction between layers, can cause slippage between layers. As the initial loading phase of roadway rock area to help the two level launch in the experiment, but the roadway itself has not been destroyed. The roof and floor rock in parallel with the direction of the pressure, to the airport direction deflection, mainly for roof and floor heave. The level of rock physics model The main type of coal seam floor lithology, strength is relatively low, prone to floor heave phenomenon. And the roadway roof can be regarded as both ends under tremendous pressure extrusion bearing rock beam, so the rock beam in the vertical is not under pressure to beam fracture but at the level of the great pressure of the damage at the level of pressure. Large, rock beam tensile stress area almost disappeared, so the roof did not in the smaller stress level under tensile failure. The level of rock physical model of roadway with a new infrared image of rock response are analyzed, at the same time using the model of old photos, the infrared image was compared with that of new infrared image. After noise filtering and image enhancement significantly improve the quality of infrared image after filtering. The new infrared image is very accurate for early warning of rock failure, and the level of rock physical model of tunnel rock body The failure mechanism of a more profound understanding. Two methods are analyzed from the infrared characteristic analysis and strain can be seen in the stress increases will have obvious effects on the surrounding rock. The strain changes, changes of strain variation in two sides and bottom is bigger than the roof, coal roadway of two parts that help and floor. Affected by external load. The infrared image reveals that under the external loads, the existence of a strong static friction and dynamic friction phenomenon between the strata, dynamic friction slip is the deformation and failure of the average infrared radiation temperature.45 degrees inclined rock roots (IRT) curve was characterized by the overall energy release rate. According to the load of rock mass the failure characteristics of the IRT curve of 45 degree inclined strata: linear segments in the initial loading stage on IRT curve model in elastic state of complete, in the subsequent loading stage IRT curve of irregular periodic wave Said rock under pressure appears stick slip steep. The load level and the loading rate also has a significant effect on the IRT curve at low load and low loading rate IRT curve oscillation cycle long and small amplitude; conversely, in high load and high loading rate and short cycle shock IRT curve large amplitude. Through the infrared image sequences can well explain the 45 degree tilt anisotropic behavior of rock strata. The temperature distribution between the initial loading stage of infrared image showing irregular scattering model, this model revealed complete in elastic state; in the initial loading stage can also be through a zonal distribution of infrared temperature observation of rock anisotropic behavior. In the process of loading, static friction and viscous phase IRT curve correspondence between the rock internal rock fierce static friction and interface between strata The static friction through the large scale low temperature infrared temperature distribution characterization. In summary, 45 degree tilt rock physical model at low loading level, corresponding to the high temperature coal seam infrared bands due to the internal friction, intense deformation, and corresponds to the low temperature infrared mudstone band deformation; sliding phase at high loading level the stage corresponds to the IRT curve, the infrared temperature distribution pattern of this stage is reversed, namely: the low temperature infrared band and high temperature infrared characterization of coal seam strip characterization of mudstone, reveals the sliding and fracture caused by loose seam. The infrared temperature distribution in infrared image sequences can be characterized well around roadway help shrink directly the top and bottom drum separation phenomenon. Through the analysis of the failure of loading rate on the physical model of the infrared image 45 degrees tilt rock has a certain impact, namely: in the low load Load level and low loading rate, the model of rock mass to static friction; at high load level and high loading rate, the main model of rock dynamic friction, fracture, interlayer slip phenomenon of.45 degree tilt rock Fu Liye spectrum of infrared image analysis show that: in the low loading rate, low amplitude, main component no dominant frequencies represent the elastic deformation of the surrounding rock, the main component of the higher frequency band represents the emergence of rock damage, the damage degree varies inversely with the frequency; in high loading rate, the main component of the amplitude was significantly higher than that of the former, the main component of the highest amplitude represents a key failure. The Fu Liye spectrum of foreign load and stress changes more sensitive: to provide high band and high amplitude of early warning in the viscous phase; provide low band and high amplitude in the omen moment. And the fracture induced by IRT curve and infrared image As compared to the Fu Liye spectrum is more sensitive to the variation of external load of image matrix. The main component (periodic component) frequency and amplitude can be characterized by good load increase and the stress changes. The lateral pressure coefficient most loading stages in the experiment are greater than one, namely: the level of stress is greater than the vertical stress accordingly. The level of spectrum main component has higher amplitude more than the vertical spectrum of well characterized anisotropic rock. Viscous phase and IRT curves of the corresponding peak, and the level of the Fu Liye spectrum with high amplitude on single component characterization of high frequencies. The main slip stage and the IRT curve of the valley should be relative, you can fall on the main component characterization of low frequency with high amplitude, also called frequency shift. These abnormal components are early warning information of rock failure event will occur with the Fu Liye frequency. Spectrum of F (U) and F (V) and to describe the spatial frequency spectrum characteristics of the infrared image. The main component in high amplitude ultra-high frequency can be used as information early warning of impending slide between dynamic layer or fracture, but also can predict the dynamic characteristics of taking place. The main component of low frequency the following two characteristics: (1) if it is the main component of high amplitude can be used as a precursor of large scale sliding between layers, (2) if it is an indicator of the main components of medium or small amplitude can be used as the stress redistribution effect of the extension. After treated by infrared image as two infrared temperature distribution model can characterize the mass of the mechanical behavior. At low loading level, coal loading so strong showing high infrared temperature distribution and loading of weak mudstone layer showed the low infrared temperature distribution in high loading level stage. Infrared temperature distribution is reversed, namely: the mudstone layer by load strong and show high infrared temperature distribution of coal has been weak for the low load performance of infrared temperature distribution. The high temperature infrared static friction distribution characterization of rock bedding pattern, low infrared temperature distribution model of rock dynamic characterization of infrared image of sliding friction. Two different angle formation physical model were compared, can obtain more description of layered rock mass structure effect on the level of knowledge: the rock physical model for infrared image temperature on the localization of plastic type distribution; for the 45 degree tilt rock physics model for infrared images show a zonal localization of temperature distribution in the infrared image with high contrast the bands reflect the dip angle leads to model unstable sliding friction damage. Indicating that the reaction model of infrared image can intuitive The friction sliding structure effect, there is a close relationship between the deformation mechanism and formation angle reveals the physical model under external load. In this paper, the infrared thermal imaging technology is successfully applied in the experimental model of large scale physical detection, solves the problem of identifying the thermal elastic and thermal plasticity. The horizontal strata and 45 degree inclined strata the roadway deformation characteristics under the action of the external load. Has important significance on the mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of complex rock mass structure, both the detection technology of infrared thermal imaging detection experiment and laboratory scale physical model of the site engineering geological body has a wide application prospect.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：TD322

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