本文關(guān)鍵詞：采礦爆破粉塵高效凝并技術(shù)的研究　出處：《山東大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 爆破粉塵 凝并技術(shù) 延時爆破

【摘要】：粉塵污染是世界公害之一,人類的許多生產(chǎn)活動都會產(chǎn)生粉塵,特別是采礦過程中爆破、運輸、轉(zhuǎn)載和堆場過程中,會產(chǎn)生大量的粉塵,在此中爆破過程產(chǎn)生的粉塵量占比最大。這些采礦過程中產(chǎn)生的粉塵污染對礦區(qū)地點區(qū)域內(nèi)的生態(tài)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展以及社會穩(wěn)定等方面都有著顯著的負面影響[1]。爆破粉塵污染的控制可分為爆破前粉塵控制和爆破過程中的粉塵控制。在露天礦區(qū)通風良好的情況下,爆破過程中起塵源點處產(chǎn)塵量最大,所以爆破粉塵源頭粉塵控制是技術(shù)的重點也是難點。針對微細粉塵粒徑小、難以沉降這一特點,采用化學凝并預處理除塵技術(shù)可以有效的減少爆破環(huán)節(jié)產(chǎn)生的粉塵�；瘜W凝并技術(shù)是通過添加一些有吸附、團聚能力的物質(zhì),使粉塵聚集在一起,在這個過程中或者發(fā)生物理吸附作用,或者發(fā)生化學反應。但成本低、功能多以及適用范圍廣的化學凝并劑難以得到,二次污染的問題也時有發(fā)生,是否能攻克這些問題是推廣化學凝并技術(shù)的重點。為減少采礦過程中產(chǎn)生的爆破粉塵量,本研究使用化學凝并技術(shù),為粉塵的治理提供一種新的方法:利用爆破過程中的能量以及爆破粉塵親水性的差異,開發(fā)凝并劑,有效控制粉塵污染;并且凝并劑在兩段延時爆破的沖擊力下形成的霧狀水滴懸浮于空中,減少了粉塵的擴散范圍,增加了與粉塵的相對接觸面積,對粉塵的捕集能力顯著提高。本文研究了制約爆破粉塵控制的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)問題,改善了礦山爆破開采過程中粉塵對環(huán)境的不利影響,可為我國"綠色礦山"建設(shè)提供技術(shù)服務。本文通過理論和實驗室研究相結(jié)合的方式對采礦過程中凝并劑治理爆破粉塵的方法做了較為充實的研究,其內(nèi)容和結(jié)果如下:(1)通過對采集的爆破粉塵進行粒徑分析得出爆破粉塵中含有較高比例的可吸入顆粒物,10μm以下的粉塵占到30%左右,對人體的危害性較大;(2)研究分析了霧滴捕集粉塵的過程及影響因素,暫時漂浮在空氣中的粉塵,在爆破的沖擊力下相互碰撞并與霧滴接觸,接觸后粉塵的動能被損耗,減少了粉塵的慣性力使得粉塵不易被反彈;在這個過程中粉塵的慣性反彈程度,粉塵與霧滴碰撞的碰撞系數(shù)σ以及霧滴直徑D是主要影響因素。在實際凝并劑的配制過程中可以通過增加凝并劑對粉塵的粘滯力,在合理的范圍內(nèi)增大粉塵的表面張力來減少粉塵的慣性反彈;通過增加凝并劑密度來增加粉塵與凝并劑的碰撞系數(shù);通過減小凝并劑的直徑來增加凝并劑的捕集效率;(3)確定了凝并劑最優(yōu)配方表面活性劑SDBS+0.3%、保濕劑氯化鎂15%、粘結(jié)劑淀粉0.15%。通過實驗可知該配方的粉塵凝并效率能達到95.3%;(4)對爆破粉塵隨水平距離的變化擬合,結(jié)果表明1s時粉塵濃度隨水平距離的變化曲線[2](50-1000 范圍):y=68.0165e-x/62.7171+1.56284(R2=0.99992)。由R2=0.99992可知,擬合性較好,該曲線能較好的代表粉塵濃度隨距離的擴散規(guī)律。2s時粉塵濃度隨垂直距離的變化曲線(10-50m范圍):y=861.75e-0.115x(R2 = 0.9519)由R2=0.0.9519可知,變化曲線的擬合度較高,能較好反映粉塵濃度隨距離變化的擴散規(guī)律;(5)采用延時水封爆破的方法使用凝并劑,通過對比0.5s,1.0s和1.5s三個延時時間的凝并劑降塵率得出,0.5s時凝并劑降塵效果最好,去除率為88.64%;(6)提出一套現(xiàn)場使用凝并劑的使用方法:①對邊坡的充分潤濕,可以很好地消除邊坡爆破滑落卷席造成的大量揚塵;②采用水封延時爆破技術(shù),最優(yōu)延時時間為0.5s,在爆破場周圍形成霧場,能最大限度的減少爆破中產(chǎn)生的顆粒物的擴散;③充分潤濕回填炮眼的鉆屑,可以一定程度上消除穿孔形成的揚塵且對自由面起塵有顯著的作用。
[Abstract]:Dust pollution is one of the world's pollution, many human production activities will produce the dust, especially in the process of blasting, mining and transport, transshipment yard process, will produce a lot of dust, dust blasting process in the largest proportion. The ecological environment of the mining dust pollution generated in the process of mining location area in the aspect of economic development and social stability has a significant negative impact on [1]. control blasting dust pollution can be divided into dust control before blasting dust control and blasting process. In opencast mine ventilation is good, the process of blasting dust source point dust, so the blasting dust source dust control technology is the key and difficult points. The fine dust particle size is small, it is difficult to settlement of this characteristic, using chemical coagulation pretreatment and dust removal technology can effectively reduce the production of blasting The dust and chemical coagulation technology. By adding some adsorption, aggregation ability of the material to make the dust gathered in this process or physical adsorption or chemical reaction. But the cost is low, the chemical coagulation function and wide application range and the agent is difficult to obtain the two pollution problems have also occurred, whether can overcome these problems is to focus on the promotion of chemical coagulation technology. In order to reduce the blasting dust produced in the process of mining, this study used chemical coagulation technology, provides a new method for dust control: use of energy in the process of blasting and blasting dust hydrophilic differences. The development of coagulation agent, effective control of dust pollution; and coagulation agent in the two period of delay blasting impact force formed under the mist droplets suspended in the air, reduce the spread of dust, increasing the relative contact surface and dust Product of collecting dust is significantly improved. This paper studies the key technical problems restricting blasting dust control, improve the adverse effects of dust in mine blasting process on the environment, for our "green mine" construction to provide technical services. Through theoretical and laboratory research. With the methods of in the process of mining and blasting dust coagulation agent management to do the research is full, its contents and results are as follows: (1) through the acquisition of blasting dust particle size analysis of inhalable particles blasting dust contains a high proportion of 10, m accounted for about 30% of the dust, the harm to human body larger; (2) research and analysis of the process and influence factors of droplet trapping dust, dust temporarily floating in the air, and the droplet collision and contact in blasting impact force, the dynamic contact of dust can be reduced loss. The inertia force of dust makes the dust is not easy to rebound; dust in the process of the rebound degree of inertia, collision and dust droplet collision coefficient and a droplet diameter D is the main influencing factors in the preparation process. The actual coagulation agent can increase coagulation agent in the viscous force of the dust, the surface tension increases the dust in a reasonable range to reduce dust inertia rebound; by increasing the coagulation agent to increase the density of dust and coagulation agent collision coefficient; by reducing the diameter of coagulation agent and coagulation agent to increase the collection efficiency; (3) to determine the coagulation agent and the optimal formula of surfactant SDBS+0.3%, moisturizing agent magnesium chloride 15%, starch binder 0.15%. by coagulation experiment showed that the formula of dust and efficiency can reach 95.3%; (4) the blasting dust changes with the fitting of horizontal distance, the results show that the 1s when the dust concentration curve with [2] horizontal distance (5 0-1000): y=68.0165e-x/62.7171+1.56284 (R2=0.99992) by R2=0.99992. The good fitting of the curve can represent the dust concentration with.2s diffusion distance when the dust concentration curve with the vertical distance (10-50m): y=861.75e-0.115x (R2 = 0.9519) by R2=0.0.9519 shows that the curve fitting degree higher, better reflect the dust concentration along the diffusion distance change; (5) using the method of delay blasting is the use of coagulation agent, compared with the 0.5s, 1.0s and 1.5s three delay time and coagulation agent dust rate that coagulation agent dust effect is the best when the 0.5s removal rate was 88.64%; (6) a the site using coagulation agent usage: fully wetting on the slope, a lot of dust can well eliminate the slide slope blasting mat rolling caused; the seal delay blasting technology, the optimal delay time for 0.5s, in A fog field around the blasting site can minimize the dispersion of particles produced in blasting. Thirdly, fully wetting backfill drill holes can eliminate the dust generated by perforation to a certain extent and has a significant effect on dust emission from free surfaces.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TD714

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