本文關(guān)鍵詞：德州市農(nóng)村地區(qū)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生現(xiàn)狀研究　出處：《山東大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：研究背景健康是促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展的必然要求,人的健康在很大程度上取決于環(huán)境的質(zhì)量,農(nóng)村地區(qū)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況與農(nóng)村居民的健康息息相關(guān),也直接影響著生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展,開(kāi)展農(nóng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生綜合整治,改善農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)、生活環(huán)境,是全面建成小康社會(huì)的重大舉措,也是完成"健康中國(guó)2030"目標(biāo)的必然要求。農(nóng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生包括飲水衛(wèi)生、廁所衛(wèi)生及糞便無(wú)害化處理、垃圾和污水治理、病媒生物防制及土壤衛(wèi)生等多個(gè)方面。雖然我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)快速發(fā)展,但農(nóng)村地區(qū)垃圾、污水處理等基礎(chǔ)配套設(shè)施仍不能滿足要求,飲水安全、廁所衛(wèi)生狀況堪憂,環(huán)境污染和破壞問(wèn)題凸顯,整體形勢(shì)不容樂(lè)觀。德州市是典型的農(nóng)業(yè)大市,在開(kāi)展農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中,不可避免的產(chǎn)生一些環(huán)境衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題。山東省對(duì)農(nóng)村地區(qū)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生研究不多,關(guān)于德州市的研究屈指可數(shù),個(gè)別研究多為廁所衛(wèi)生或者土壤重金屬污染等單方面的調(diào)查,缺乏德州市農(nóng)村地區(qū)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況的總體數(shù)據(jù)。研究目的了解和掌握德州市農(nóng)村地區(qū)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生健康危害因素水平,客觀評(píng)價(jià)農(nóng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況,為政府部門決策提供基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)支持,促進(jìn)德州市農(nóng)村環(huán)境綜合整治工作有序開(kāi)展。研究方法本研究基于分層隨機(jī)原則選取調(diào)研對(duì)象,采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)等方式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集。樣本縣為寧津、臨邑、武城3個(gè)縣,共30個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、120個(gè)監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)(行政村),共調(diào)研600戶家庭、52所學(xué)校,檢測(cè)120份土壤重金屬及蛔蟲(chóng)卵指標(biāo)�；贓xcel2003和SPSS19.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,統(tǒng)計(jì)方法為χ2檢驗(yàn)。研究結(jié)果1樣本縣環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況垃圾處理廠(3個(gè))和污水處理廠(4個(gè))實(shí)現(xiàn)了 3個(gè)樣本縣全覆蓋,垃圾處理方式均為填埋,污水處理工藝均為二級(jí)處理。2監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生狀況飲水安全得到保障,集中式供水達(dá)100%;衛(wèi)生廁所普及率僅為7.67%,處于很低水平;整體衛(wèi)生狀況較差,非衛(wèi)生村占80.83%;垃圾統(tǒng)一收集的占86.67%,填埋處理的占64.17%;生活污水隨意排放比例為100%;不足50%的監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)開(kāi)展過(guò)除四害工作,滅蚊、蠅、鼠、蟑螂均開(kāi)展的占25.83%。3監(jiān)測(cè)戶衛(wèi)生狀況居民習(xí)慣喝開(kāi)水占99.83%,飯前便后都洗手占88.83%;衛(wèi)生廁所占10.5%,糞便高溫堆肥處理僅占30%;垃圾丟棄在垃圾箱的占94.33%,生活污水100%隨意排放;廚房發(fā)現(xiàn)蒼蠅達(dá)78.17%;購(gòu)置使用農(nóng)藥的占92.83%,農(nóng)藥儲(chǔ)存在雜屋及隨意放置仍超過(guò)50%,存在誤服隱患。4農(nóng)村學(xué)校衛(wèi)生狀況學(xué)校提供開(kāi)水占53.8%,校內(nèi)供水均為集中供水;學(xué)校衛(wèi)生廁所覆蓋率71.53%,廁所周邊洗手池不提供肥皂的占46.15%;未配備衛(wèi)生專業(yè)技術(shù)人員學(xué)校占57.69%,學(xué)生近視率達(dá)27.46%;超半數(shù)的中小學(xué)校人均教室面積、黑板距離等不達(dá)標(biāo)。5 土壤衛(wèi)生狀況土壤PH值均大于7.5,蛔蟲(chóng)卵檢出率5%,整體感染率不高,鉛、鎘、鉻、汞、砷等重金屬檢測(cè)無(wú)超標(biāo),達(dá)到二級(jí)土壤標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。主要結(jié)論及建議調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,德州市農(nóng)村地區(qū)飲水衛(wèi)生和土壤狀況良好,適宜發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè),但垃圾和污水處理設(shè)施建設(shè)不到位、衛(wèi)生廁所普及率太低及農(nóng)村學(xué)校缺乏衛(wèi)生技術(shù)人員等問(wèn)題依然突出,農(nóng)村地區(qū)環(huán)境衛(wèi)生問(wèn)題需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。建議德州市大力開(kāi)展農(nóng)村環(huán)境衛(wèi)生綜合整治工程,加強(qiáng)改廁和病媒生物防制,做好居民健康行為干預(yù),加強(qiáng)學(xué)校衛(wèi)生監(jiān)測(cè)和評(píng)價(jià),整合建立環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和信息發(fā)布平臺(tái),形成長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制,真正的使農(nóng)村地區(qū)成為美麗家園。
[Abstract]:Backgroundhealth is the inevitable requirement of promoting the all-round development of people, the quality of people's health depends largely on the environment, rural sanitation area and rural residents' health are closely related, but also directly affects the development of ecological agriculture, to carry out the comprehensive improvement of rural sanitation, improve farmer's production and living environment, is fully completed major initiatives of a well-off society, but also inevitable requirement of "health Chinese 2030" target. Rural environmental hygiene includes drinking water hygiene, toilet hygiene and feces harmless treatment, garbage and sewage treatment, vector control and soil health. Despite the rapid development of China's economy and society, the basic facilities such as refuse and sewage treatment in rural areas still can't meet the requirements, and the safety of drinking water and toilets is worrying. The problem of environmental pollution and damage is highlighted. The overall situation is not optimistic. Dezhou is a typical agricultural city. In the development of agricultural production, some environmental health problems are unavoidable. There are not many studies on Environmental Hygiene in rural areas of Shandong province. There are few studies about Dezhou. Most of the studies are toilet hygiene or soil heavy metal pollution. There is a lack of overall data of environmental health in Dezhou rural area. The purpose of this study is to understand and grasp the level of environmental health hazards in rural areas of Dezhou, objectively evaluate the status of rural environmental health, provide basic data support for government decision-making, and promote the orderly development of rural environmental comprehensive improvement in Dezhou. The research method is based on the stratified random principle, and uses the questionnaire survey and the laboratory test to collect the data. Ningjin County, Linyi, samples of Wucheng 3 counties, 30 townships, 120 monitoring points (villages), a total of 600 households, 52 research schools, 120 test samples of soil heavy metals and Ascaris egg index. Data statistics and analysis are carried out based on Excel2003 and SPSS19.0, and the statistical method is chi 2 test. The results of the study were as follows: 1, the environmental sanitation status of the sample counties, the garbage treatment plants (3) and the sewage treatment plants (4) achieved 3 samples of the county's full coverage, and the garbage disposal methods were all landfill, and the sewage treatment process was all two level. Guaranteed 2 monitoring points of sanitation of drinking water safety, centralized water supply reached 100%; latrine coverage is only 7.67%, at a low level; the poor overall health and non Health Village accounted for 80.83%; the unified garbage collection landfill accounted for 86.67%, accounted for 64.17%; wastewater disposal rate of 100%; lack of monitoring points 50% of the work carried out over the four pests, mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, rats were carried out for 25.83%. The health status of residents in 3 households monitoring used to drink boiling water accounted for 99.83%, accounted for 88.83% of all hand washing before and after meals; sanitary latrines accounted for 10.5%, high temperature composting manure accounted for only 30%; discarded in the trash, accounted for 94.33%, 100% sewage discharge; the kitchen flies up to 78.17%; the purchase of pesticide use accounted for 92.83% of the pesticides stored in the shed and random placement is still more than 50%, there are hidden dangers of accidental. 4 rural school health schools accounted for 53.8% of the water boiling water, for centralized water supply; school sanitary latrine coverage rate of 71.53%, surrounding the toilet sink does not provide soap accounted for 46.15%; not equipped with professional and technical personnel accounted for 57.69% of schools, students' myopia rate of 27.46%; over half of the per capita area, primary and secondary school classroom blackboard distance standard. 5 soil health status, soil pH value is greater than 7.5, Ascaris eggs detection rate is 5%, the overall infection rate is not high, lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, arsenic and other heavy metals detection is not exceeding the standard, reaching two level soil standard. The results of the survey show that the main conclusions and recommendations, in rural areas of Dezhou city drinking water hygiene and good soil conditions, suitable for the development of ecological agriculture, but the garbage and sewage treatment facilities are not in place, the problem of sanitary latrines rate is too low and rural schools lack of health technical personnel are still outstanding, environmental health problems in rural areas need to focus on. Dezhou city vigorously carry out comprehensive renovation of environmental sanitation in rural areas, strengthen the latrines and pest control, good health behavior intervention, strengthen school health monitoring and evaluation, the establishment of integrated environmental monitoring network and information publishing platform, the formation of long-term mechanism, really make rural area become a beautiful home.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：R127

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