本文選題：崇明東灘 + 人類活動　； 參考：《華東師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：崇明東灘是長江口規(guī)模最大的河口型潮汐灘涂濕地。是全球生態(tài)敏感區(qū)之一;是候鳥遷徙的中轉(zhuǎn)驛站和越冬地;是珍稀瀕危鳥類的重要棲息地;也是水生動物的產(chǎn)卵場所和洄游通道。由于該區(qū)域在生物多樣性保護、濕地資源利用等方面具有重要作用,崇明東灘建立了國家級鳥類自然保護區(qū);接納為東亞—澳大利亞涉禽保護區(qū)網(wǎng)絡成員;是具有國際意義的A2級濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型;被列入中國和國際重要濕地名錄。崇明東灘的生境狀況已引起國內(nèi)外學者的高度重視和關(guān)注。由于崇明東灘的位置特殊性,其生態(tài)環(huán)境極易受到臺風、圍墾、污染等自然活動及人類活動的影響。雖然崇明東灘已成立自然保護區(qū),但保護區(qū)內(nèi)仍受到放牧、圍墾工程等人類活動影響。這些人類活動會對崇明東灘物種多樣性、生境狀態(tài)造成的影響程度尚不清楚。因此本文以大型底棲動物為研究對象,研究人類活動本身對崇明東灘大型底棲動物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響及人類活動造成的環(huán)境問題對大型底棲動物優(yōu)勢種的影響,并嘗試著探究人工牡蠣礁對崇明東灘生態(tài)修復的可行性。研究結(jié)果如下:1.人類活動對崇明東灘大型底棲動物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的影響研究2016年4月(春)、7月(夏)、10月(秋)和12月(冬)對崇明東灘潮間帶底棲動物進行了定量懫樣調(diào)查。結(jié)合崇明東灘現(xiàn)狀,設置5條樣帶(S1-S5)。其中S1位于基本不受人類活動干擾區(qū)域;S2區(qū)域主要受放牧影響;S3-S5區(qū)域為圍墾工程余留潮灘。研究結(jié)果顯示,各區(qū)域物種數(shù)相差不大,密度呈現(xiàn)趨勢為S2S1S3S4S5,生物量呈現(xiàn)S2S1S3S4S5的趨勢。Margalef物種豐富度指數(shù)d、Pielou物種均勻度指數(shù)J和Shannon-Wiener物種多樣性指數(shù)H'在各斷面間有顯著差異。與2012年(圍墾前)歷史數(shù)據(jù)相比,S1、S2和S3物種數(shù)不變,S4和S5物種數(shù)下降。S1、S2生物量增加,S3-S5生物量減少;S1豐度增加,S2-S5豐度減少。以上結(jié)果表明,不受干擾的自然潮灘具有自我恢復的能力;放牧對大型底棲動物生物量具有一定影響;圍墾對大型底棲動物物種數(shù)、密度和生物量均有一定影響。崇明東灘大型底棲動物次級生產(chǎn)力大致趨勢為:S1S2S3S4S5。與歷史數(shù)據(jù)相比,2016年崇明東灘次級生產(chǎn)力整體呈下降趨勢,且下降率大小為:S5S4S3S2S1。崇明東灘大型底棲動物功能群主要由浮游植物食者P1、植物食者Ph、雜食者C、肉食者O和碎屑食者D組成。斷面S1、S2和S3的各功能群組成比較均勻。但斷面S4和S5的功能群組成不均勻。上述結(jié)果表明放牧、圍墾工程降低了崇明東灘大型底棲動物次級生產(chǎn)力;圍墾工程對大型底棲動物功能群結(jié)構(gòu)造成一定影響。采用ABC曲線、H'、分類學多樣性指數(shù)、BOPA指數(shù)、海洋底棲生物指數(shù)AMBI和多變量海洋底棲生物指數(shù)M-AMBI評價崇明東灘潮間帶生境健康狀況。分類學多樣性指數(shù)和BOPA指數(shù)評價結(jié)果顯示,各斷面生境狀況均優(yōu)良;H'和ABC曲線評價結(jié)果顯示,S1斷面生境狀況優(yōu)良,S2、S3和S5斷面良好,S4斷面一般;AMBI評價結(jié)果顯示,斷面S1-S4生境狀況良好,S5斷面優(yōu)良;M-AMBI評價結(jié)果顯示,斷面S1、S3和S5生境狀況優(yōu)良,S2和S4良好。以上結(jié)果表明,放牧對大型底棲動物群落結(jié)構(gòu)具有一定影響,對該區(qū)域生境狀況造成一定干擾;圍墾工程會對余留自然潮灘大型底棲動物群落結(jié)構(gòu)造成一定影響,對該區(qū)域生境狀況造成一定干擾。2.鎘脅迫對無齒螳臂相手蟹脂肪代謝的影響為檢測圍墾造成的重金屬富集對大型底棲動物物種的影響,本文選取長江口大型底棲動物常見優(yōu)勢種無齒螳臂相手蟹為研究對象,探究重金屬鎘對其脂肪代謝的影響。設置4個鎘脅迫組(0.05、0.1、0.5和1mg/L)和對照組,研究重金屬鎘對無齒螳臂相手蟹鰓、肝胰腺的組織學影響;以及重金屬對其體內(nèi)脂肪物質(zhì)含量,脂肪分解、合成和轉(zhuǎn)運代謝相關(guān)酶活性、基因表達的影響。結(jié)果顯示,鎘染毒組鰓組織鰓葉厚度增加、血腔中血細胞數(shù)目增加、鰓葉末端亞幾丁質(zhì)空間縮小;經(jīng)鎘染毒后,肝胰腺線粒體膜結(jié)構(gòu)開始出現(xiàn)破壞,嵴排列出現(xiàn)紊亂,嵴數(shù)量減少,長度變短甚至消失;細胞核高度異染色質(zhì)化,核仁增大,核膜出現(xiàn)變形,甚至破裂;微絨毛脫落,厚度變薄;P/Ca顆粒的同心圓層數(shù)減少,甚至消失;并且有較高的空泡化現(xiàn)象。與對照組相比,隨著鎘脅迫濃度的增加和時間的延長,無齒螳臂相手蟹肝胰腺、卵巢組織的脂肪含量逐漸下降;淋巴中甘油三酯、總膽固醇含量呈現(xiàn)先上升后下降的趨勢,且具有一定的濃度和時間效應。脂肪消化酶在14d和21d較對照組顯著下降;肝胰腺脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)和乙酰輔酶A羧化酶(ACC)、卵巢ACC酶活性和淋巴中的游離脂肪酸含量在時間上總體呈現(xiàn)先上升后下降趨勢;卵巢FAS和肝胰腺脂蛋白脂酶活性、淋巴中低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL)含量呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢。淋巴中低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL)含量較對照組顯著升高;鎘染毒組肝胰腺和卵巢脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白(FABP)、FAS基因表達量較對照組先上升后下降趨勢。以上結(jié)果表明重金屬鎘降低了無齒螳臂相手蟹體內(nèi)脂肪含量,且可能是通過削弱其攝取(消化)、轉(zhuǎn)運及合成脂肪的能力。3.長江口人工牡蠣礁生態(tài)修復效果調(diào)查研究為檢測人工修復(增殖放流牡蠣)的效果,于增殖放流前(2016年4月)和增殖放流后(2016年9月)對人工牡蠣礁的大型底棲動物進行了跟蹤監(jiān)測。結(jié)果顯示,低鹽度區(qū)域S2和N2無牡蠣、藤壺和底棲動物生長;南側(cè)S5和S8斷面的牡蠣、藤壺豐度和生物量均上升;北側(cè)N6、N9斷面牡蠣豐度基本不變,但生物量增加;N9藤壺生物量、密度均增加;N6藤壺生物量、密度減少。增殖放流前后,各斷面區(qū)域大型底棲動物物種數(shù)、豐度、生物量及多樣性指數(shù)均增加。DCA分析結(jié)果顯示,藤壺豐度與大型底棲動物物種數(shù)、生物多樣性指數(shù)H'、J、d呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。牡蠣豐度與物種數(shù)N呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。表明增殖放流牡蠣對大型底棲動物群落結(jié)構(gòu)具有一定促進作用。采用ABC曲線、H'、分類學多樣性指數(shù)、AMBI和M-AMBI評價人工牡蠣礁生境健康狀況。結(jié)果顯示,增殖放流后各斷面區(qū)域生境狀況均較放流前有所改善。以上結(jié)果表明,在中高鹽度區(qū)域,增殖放流牡蠣對生境狀況有一定改善作用。
[Abstract]:Chongming Dongtan is the largest estuarine tidal tidal flat wetland in the Yangtze Estuary. It is one of the global ecological sensitive areas. It is a transit station and overwintering place for migratory migratory birds. It is an important habitat for rare and endangered birds; it is also the place of spawning and migratory passage for aquatic animals. It plays an important role in the establishment of national bird nature reserve in Dongtan, Chongming. It is accepted as a member of the East Asian Australian bird protection area network. It is a type of A2 wetland ecosystem with international significance. It is included in the list of Chinese and international important wetlands. The habitats of Chongming Dongtan have aroused great attention and concern of scholars both at home and abroad. As a result of the special location of Chongming east beach, its ecological environment is highly susceptible to natural activities and human activities, such as typhoon, reclamation, pollution and other natural activities. Although the nature reserve has been established in the east beach of Chongming, the protected areas are still affected by human activities such as grazing, reclamation and other activities. These human activities will make the species diversity and habitats of Chongming east beach. The influence of the macrozoobenthos on the macrozoobenthos community structure of Chongming Dongtan and the influence of environmental problems caused by human activities on the dominant species of Macrobenthos in the east beach of Dongtan, and to try to explore the ecological repair of the artificial oyster reef to the east beach of Chongming. The results are as follows: 1. the effects of human activities on the structure of the Macrobenthos Community in Chongming Dongtan study in April 2016 (spring), July (summer), October (Autumn) and December (winter), a quantitative survey was carried out on the benthic Zoobenthos in the intertidal zone of Dongtan, Chongming. In connection with the current situation in the east beach of Chongming, 5 samples (S1-S5) were set up. The area of human activity interferes with the region; the S2 region is mainly affected by grazing, and the S3-S5 region is the residual tidal flat of the reclamation project. The results show that the number of species in each region is small, the density presents a trend of S2S1S3S4S5, the biomass is S2S1S3S4S5, the.Margalef species richness index D, the Pielou species evenness index J and Shannon-Wiener species diversity The sex index H'has significant differences between the sections. Compared with the historical data of 2012 (pre reclamation), the number of S1, S2 and S3 species is unchanged, the number of S4 and S5 species decreases.S1, S2 biomass increases, S3-S5 biomass decreases, S1 abundance increases, S2-S5 abundance decreases. The above results show that the natural tidal flat without interference is self restoring ability; grazing on large bottom The biomass of large benthic species, density and biomass of the macrobenthos in Chongming Dongtan, Chongming, the secondary productivity of the east beach of Dongtan, in 2016, showed a downward trend compared with the historical data, and the decline rate was S5S4S3S2S1. in 2016. The functional groups of Macrobenthos in Ming Dong beach are mainly composed of phytoplankton eaters P1, plant eater Ph, omnivorous C, meat eater O and detrital D. The functional groups of S1, S2 and S3 are homogeneous, but the functional groups of S4 and S5 are uneven. The results showed that grazing and reclamation reduced the large benthic Zoobenthos in Chongming east beach. ABC curve, H', taxonomic diversity index, BOPA index, marine benthic index AMBI and multivariable marine benthic index M-AMBI were used to evaluate the health status of the intertidal zone of Chongming east beach. Taxonomic diversity index and BOPA index evaluation were used. The results showed that the habitats of each section were excellent, and the results of H'and ABC curves showed that the habitat of S1 section was excellent, S2, S3 and S5 were good, and S4 section was general. AMBI evaluation results showed that the condition of S1-S4 habitat was good and the S5 section was good. Grazing has a certain influence on the structure of the Macrobenthos Community, causing a certain disturbance to the habitat of the region, and the reclamation project will have a certain influence on the structure of the Macrobenthos Community in the remaining natural tidal flats, causing certain interference with the habitat status of the region and the influence of.2. cadmium stress on the fat metabolism of the antoothed mantling arm crab. The effect of heavy metal enrichment on the species of large benthic animals was studied. In this paper, the effects of heavy metal cadmium on its fat metabolism were investigated in this paper, and 4 cadmium stress groups (0.05,0.1,0.5 and 1mg/L) and control groups were set up to study the heavy metal cadmium to the toothless mantling arm. The influence of the histology of the hepatopancreas and the histology of the hepatopancreas, as well as the effects of heavy metals on the content of fatty substances, adipose decomposition, synthesis and transport of metabolism related enzymes in the body, and the effect of gene expression. The results showed that the thickness of gill leaves in the gill tissue of the cadmium exposure group increased, the number of blood cells in the blood cavity increased, the subchitin space at the end of the branchial leaves reduced; after cadmium exposure, the hepatopancreas were exposed to cadmium. The mitochondrial membrane structure began to destroy, the ridge arrangement was disorganized, the number of crista decreased, the length shortened or even disappeared; the nucleus height heterochromatin, nucleolus increased, the nuclear membrane deformed, even ruptured; the microvilli fell off, the thickness became thinner; the number of concentric circles of P/Ca particles decreased and even disappeared; and there was a higher vacuolization phenomenon. And control group. In contrast, with the increase of concentration of cadmium stress and the prolongation of time, the fat content in the liver and pancreas of the crabs was gradually decreased, and the content of triglyceride in the lymph was increased first and then decreased, with a certain concentration and time effect. The fat digestible enzyme decreased significantly in 14d and 21d than in the control group. Glandular fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), ovarian ACC enzyme activity and free fatty acid content in the lymph were on the rise and then descended in the whole time; the content of FAS and hepatopancreas lipoprotein lipase and lymphatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) showed a decline trend. The content of sterol (LDL) was significantly higher than that in the control group; the expression of FAS gene in the hepatopancreas and ovary of the cadmium exposure group increased first and then decreased. The results showed that the heavy metal cadmium decreased the fat content in the hand crabs of the non toothed mantine mantling arm, and could be able to transfer and synthesize fat by weakening its intake (digestion). The effect of the ecological restoration of artificial oyster reef on the Changjiang Estuary was investigated to detect the effect of artificial restoration (proliferation of oyster oysters). The large benthic animals of the artificial oyster reef were tracked and monitored before the proliferation and release (April 2016) and the proliferation and release (September 2016). The results showed that the low salinity area had no oyster, barnacle and bottom in S2 and N2. The abundance and biomass of the oysters on the south side of S5 and S8 were increased; the abundance of oysters in the north side N6 and N9 were basically unchanged, but the biomass increased; the biomass and density of the N9 barnacle increased; the N6 barnacle biomass and density decreased. The number, abundance, biomass and diversity of the large benthic species in each section before and after the proliferation and release were indicated. The results of.DCA analysis showed that the abundance of barnacles was positively related to the number of macrozoobenthos, the biodiversity index H', J and D. The oyster abundance was positively correlated with the number of species, indicating that the proliferation and release of oysters had a certain promotion to the structure of the macrozoobenthos community. The ABC curve, H', taxonomic diversity index, AMBI were used. The health status of the artificial oyster reef was evaluated by M-AMBI and the results showed that the habitats of each section of the cross section were better than that before the release. The above results showed that in the middle and high salinity areas, the proliferation of oysters had a certain effect on the habitat condition.
【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q958.8

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