本文選題：毛蚜亞科 + 線粒體基因組　； 參考：《河北大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：昆蟲線粒體基因組具有基因組短、基因排列相對穩(wěn)定、進化速率快、普遍為母系遺傳的特征,目前已成為研究物種進化和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的重要分子標記。隨著系統(tǒng)發(fā)育分析方法的日益成熟多樣和測序技術的不斷升級,以線粒體基因組為數(shù)據(jù)源的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育研究已成為焦點領域�；诰�粒體基因組數(shù)據(jù)重建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關系探討昆蟲系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的研究,主要集中在物種豐富度較高的目級和科級階元水平,而針對于亞科及更低級階元的研究甚少。通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn),基于線粒體基因組的較高級階元系統(tǒng)發(fā)育研究廣泛存在無法避免的問題,如:長枝吸引、堿基替換飽和等,可導致分枝結構不理想。而亞科級及以下的低級階元在分析過程中極少出現(xiàn)類似問題。因此,線粒體基因組對于解決低級階元系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關系表現(xiàn)出更好的適應性。毛蚜亞科是半翅目蚜科的一個重要類群,包括2族,即毛蚜族和偽毛蚜族和12屬,營同寄主全周期生活,而且兩個族分別與木本植物和草本植物相關聯(lián),具有比較嚴格的寄主�；�。前期的研究主要集中在該亞科的物種鑒定與形態(tài)特征描述,寄主植物與生物學習性觀察和地理分布等方面。有關該類群基于分子數(shù)據(jù)的相關研究很少,涉及的物種數(shù)量也非常有限;同時蚜蟲線粒體基因組的獲得相對比較困難,導致該亞科有關線粒體基因組的測序工作相對延遲,目前也沒有關于毛蚜線粒體基因組的相關報道。規(guī)�；@取線粒體基因組信息,基于線粒體基因組數(shù)據(jù)重建毛蚜亞科內部系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關系,對了解毛蚜亞科的演化歷史,探討毛蚜與寄主植物之間的關系,推動蚜蟲類線粒體基因組的研究水平具有重要意義。本研究選取毛蚜亞科2族8屬22種,對毛蚜線粒體基因組進行測序、注釋和比較分析,闡述毛蚜亞科線粒體基因組的基本特征;利用貝葉斯法(BI)和最大似然法(ML)構建系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,重建毛蚜亞科的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育關系。主要研究結果如下:(1)獲取21種蚜蟲約87%-95%的基因組全長,序列長度13459-15384 bp,1個蚜蟲(Trichaitophorus foliatus)獲得了約65%的基因組,序列長度為10355 bp。對測序結果進行注釋,表明基因排列方式與祖先排列方式一致,未發(fā)現(xiàn)基因重排現(xiàn)象。由于假基因的干擾和A+T含量高,大部分物種未能獲得tRNAArg-nad5區(qū)域的序列。所有蛋白質編碼基因的起始密碼子都為ATN,終止密碼子為TAA\TAG\T。間隔區(qū)大小范圍為10-71bp,最大的重疊區(qū)位于atp6和atp8之間,大小為20 bp。(2)對毛蚜的堿基組成進行分析可知,A+T含量大于G+C含量,22個毛蚜物種A+T含量為81.55%-84.96%。在蛋白編碼基因中,AT偏斜和GC偏斜都為負值,說明A少于T,G少于C。從密碼子使用情況來看,Phe、Leu和Ile是編碼最多的氨基酸,TTT(Phe)、TTA(Leu)和ATT(Ile)是使用次數(shù)最多的密碼子。(3)以粉毛蚜Pterocomma pilosum(蚜科:粉毛蚜亞科)為參考,計算毛蚜物種的同義替換率Ks、非同義替換率Ka以及非同義替換率Ka與同義替換率Ks的比值Ka/Ks,所有的毛蚜Ka/Ks值小于1,說明受純化選擇。除三角楓多態(tài)毛蚜Periphyllus acerihabitans外,偽毛蚜族的進化速率要大于毛蚜族的進化速率。(4)利用BI和ML方法構建了毛蚜亞科系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹,兩種方法構建的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹拓撲結構一致。結果表明,在族級水平上,毛蚜族和偽毛蚜族的單系性得到了支持。在偽毛蚜族內,小毛蚜屬和偽毛蚜屬的物種聚在一起,因此使其成為并系群。賴毛蚜屬的單系性成立并且位于偽毛蚜族的基部位置;在毛蚜族中,多態(tài)毛蚜屬的Periphyllus acerihabitans和Periphyllus acericola與毛蚜族的其他物種形成姐妹群,在毛蚜族的其他物種中,三毛蚜屬和椏毛蚜屬的單系性得到了支持并與多態(tài)毛蚜屬的物種聚為一支,形成((Trichaitophorus+Yamatochaitophorus)+Periphyllus)的姐妹群關系。朗伯毛蚜屬的Lambersaphis pruinosa聚到毛蚜屬內,使毛蚜屬成為并系群。
[Abstract]:The genome of insect mitochondrial genome has short genome, relatively stable gene arrangement and rapid evolution rate. It has become an important molecular marker for the study of phylogenetic and phylogeny. With the growing diversity of phylogenetic analysis and the continuous upgrading of sequencing technology, the mitochondrial genome is the data. Phylogenetic studies of sources have become the focus areas. Based on the relationship between mitochondrial genome data reconstruction and phylogenetic relationships, the study of insect phylogeny mainly focuses on the level of higher species richness and the level of the rank of the science level, while the needles are seldom studied for subfamilies and lower order elements. There are many unavoidable problems in the research of higher order system development, such as long branch attraction, base substitution saturation, etc., which can lead to the undesirable branch structure, and the subdivision and lower order elements rarely appear similar problems in the analysis process. Therefore, the mitochondrial genome is better in solving the relationship of low order system development. The aphis Aphis subfamily is an important group of Hemiptera aphis, including 2 ethnic groups, namely, the aphid and the pseudoraphis and 12 genera, the camps and the host are all cycle life, and the two families are related to the woody plants and herbaceous plants, with a strict host specialization. The previous study mainly focused on the species identification and shape of the subfamily. There are few related studies on molecular data and the number of species involved in this group are very limited. At the same time, the acquisition of the mitochondrial genome of aphids is relatively difficult, which leads to the relatively delayed sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of the subfamily. There is no related report on the mitochondrial genome of the aphid. To obtain the mitochondrial genome information in scale, to reconstruct the internal phylogenetic relationship of the subfamily Mao by the mitochondrial genome data, to understand the evolution history of the aphis Aphis and to explore the relationship between the aphid and the host plant, and to promote the research level of the mitochondrial genome of the aphid. It is of great significance. In this study, 2 families and 8 genera of Aphis hairy subfamily were selected. The mitochondrial genome of aphid was sequenced, annotated and analyzed, and the basic characteristics of the mitochondrial genome of Aphis hairy family were described. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by BI and ML, and the phylogenetic relationship of the subfamily hairy aphid was rebuilt. As follows: (1) the total length of the genome of about 87%-95% of 21 aphids was obtained, the length of the sequence was 13459-15384 BP, and the 1 aphids (Trichaitophorus foliatus) obtained about 65% of the genome, and the sequence length was 10355 bp. to annotate the sequencing results, indicating that the gene arrangement was in accordance with the ancestor row mode, and the gene rearrangement was not found. The pseudogenes were not found. The interference and A+T content were high, most of the species failed to obtain the sequence of the tRNAArg-nad5 region. The initial codon of all the protein encoding genes was ATN, the size of the terminating codon was 10-71bp, the largest overlap area was between Atp6 and ATP8, and the size was 20 bp. (2) for the analysis of the base composition of the aphid. The A+T content of 22 aphids was 81.55%-84.96%. in the protein encoding gene, AT bias and GC skew were negative, indicating that A was less than T, G was less than C., Phe, Leu and Ile were the most coded amino acids. MMA pilosum (aphid: aphid subfamily) was used as a reference to calculate the synonymous substitution rate of Ks, the non synonymous substitution rate Ka and the ratio Ka/Ks of the non synonymous substitution rate Ka to the synonymous substitution rate Ks, and the Ka/Ks value of all the aphids was less than 1, indicating that the phylogenetic rate of the pseudo Maple aphid, except for the Periphyllus acerihabitans of the trigonometric Maple aphid (4) the phylogenetic tree of the aphis Maoist subfamily was constructed by BI and ML, and the phylogenetic tree of the two methods was consistent. The results showed that the monophyleties of the aphid and pseudohairy aphids were supported at the ethnic level. In the pseudoaphid family, the species of the genus Aphis and pseudoaphid were gathered together. A single lineage of the genus lysia and located at the base of the pseudoraphis tribe; in the aphid, the Periphyllus acerihabitans and Periphyllus acericola of the polymorphic aphids form sister groups with other species of the aphid, and in the other species of the aphid, the monophylle of the genus triapid and the genus APHIS. To support and gather with the species of the polymorphic genus Maoist, the sister group relationship of ((Trichaitophorus+Yamatochaitophorus) +Periphyllus) is formed. The Lambersaphis pruinosa of the genus hairy aphid is clustered into the genus hairy aphid and makes the genus Aphis genera.

【學位授予單位】：河北大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q963

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本文編號：1888016