害蟲生物防治的農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)多樣性調(diào)節(jié)途徑—作物間作和野花帶布局
發(fā)布時間：2020-11-19 07:30
面對集約化農(nóng)業(yè)的局限性,農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)旨在思考如何設(shè)計一種在經(jīng)濟上可行和社會相關(guān)的可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)。農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)學(xué)強調(diào)在農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中加強生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能以減少化學(xué)殺蟲劑的使用。為了加強對害蟲的生物防治,增加農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的植物多樣性是常見策略之一。而植物多樣性的增加一方面可以直接對害蟲發(fā)展產(chǎn)生負面影響(即自下而上的效應(yīng)),另一方面間作的開花植物可以增強對天敵調(diào)控而對害蟲種群產(chǎn)生影響(即自上而下的效應(yīng))。本研究通過作物與作物以及非寄主開花植物進行條帶式間作(即在同一領(lǐng)域同時種植至少兩種作物物種),以提高農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)植物多樣性,增強對害蟲以及其天敵的調(diào)控作用。文獻分析顯示,在大多數(shù)研究中,與小麥(Triticum aestivum L.)單作相比,小麥間作可以顯著減少害蟲危害,但是對害蟲天敵的發(fā)生無顯著提高作用。此外,前人研究顯示可以通過種植野花帶提高訪花天敵和寄生蜂的數(shù)量。第一部分田間試驗,綜合研究了作物間作和野花帶間作兩種增加農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)植物多樣性的策略。首先在中國田間采用小麥與油菜(Brassica napus L.)間作,與單作相比,它既不能減少蚜蟲(Hemiptera:Aphididae)為害,也沒有增強蚜蟲天敵的發(fā)生。其次在比利時田間采用小麥和野花進行條帶間作,與小麥單作相比,間作田間的蚜蟲發(fā)生顯著降低,蚜蟲的天敵食蚜蠅(Diptera:Syrphidae)發(fā)生量顯著增加。然而,野花條帶的存在并沒有影響其他天敵的發(fā)生量,如草蛉(Neuroptera:Chrysopidae),瓢蟲(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)和寄生蜂(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)。第二部分田間實驗,研究了間作不同野花品種和種植密度組合對天敵的吸引作用。主要考慮了開花特性對天敵昆蟲行為的影響。首先,假設(shè)盡可能提高單位面積內(nèi)野花的種類,以提高吸引訪花天敵的豐度和多樣性,但是結(jié)果不支持這個假設(shè)。相反,多品種混作反而掩蓋了已知對訪花天敵有吸引力的一些開花植物(特別是菊科植物L(fēng)eucanthemum vulgare Lam.)的功能。其次在這個實驗中,開發(fā)了一種可以確定與天敵豐富度相關(guān)的花的性狀的方法,測試對象為油菜甲蟲的寄生蜂[Meligethes spp.(Coleoptera:Nitidulidae),Ceutorhynchus spp.(Coleoptera:Curculionidae)]。在花的七個性狀中,視覺特征(即顏色和紫外反射率)和與食物可利用性(即花冠形態(tài))可以顯著影響寄生蜂的豐度。這些結(jié)果表明:(i)田間增加植物多樣性只能減少部分害蟲為害;(ii)間作野花帶的開花特征對一部分的天敵吸引作用影響較大;(iii)野花帶的開花特征比密度對天敵的吸引作用更大。誠然,這些結(jié)果有待進一步討論。事實上在農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中,管理和設(shè)計作物和非寄主作物多樣化的戰(zhàn)略是很多的。此外,大規(guī)模的區(qū)域景觀生態(tài)比單一的田間生態(tài)更加重要,害蟲也不是農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中唯一需要監(jiān)管的生物或非生物因素,同時控制多種害蟲,可以提供多重監(jiān)管服務(wù)是未來農(nóng)業(yè)研究的挑戰(zhàn)。
【學(xué)位單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位年份】：2018
【中圖分類】：S476;S181
【文章目錄】：
摘要
abstract
第一章 引言 Chapter 1 - General introduction
1.1 The limits of the input-intensive agriculture
1.2 Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture
1.3 Practices for a biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems
1.4 Structure of the thesis
1.4.1 Chapter 2: Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable food systems
1.4.2 Chapter 3: Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
1.4.3 Chapter 4: Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
1.4.4 Chapter 5: General conclusions and perspectives
第二章 Chapter 2 - Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable foodsystems
2.1 Article 1 - Towards sustainable food systems: the concept of agroecology and how itquestions current research practices. A review
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Agroecological practices to increase environmental sustainability
2.1.3 Organizing the food system in order to increase social relevance and economicviability
2.1.4 Scientific practices and agricultural innovations
2.1.5 Towards tailor-made solutions rather than recipes
2.2 Article 2 - Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-based intercropping systems for biologicalpest control. A review
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Experimental methods
2.2.2.1 A systematic research of the literature
2.2.2.2 Vote-counting method
2.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
2.2.3 Results
2.2.3.1 Countries and evolution through time
2.2.3.2 Plants associated with wheat and types of intercropping
2.2.3.3 Pests and their natural enemies
2.2.3.4 Crop yield
2.2.4 Discussion
2.2.4.1 Effect on pest biological control and implication for yield
2.2.4.2 Adopting intercropping for pest control: constraints and opportunities
2.2.4.3 Needs for further research
2.3 Article 3 - Wildflower strips for biological control: state-of-art, limits and perspectivesin Wallonia. A review
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Semi-natural elements for biodiversity conservation: which benefits for biologicalcontrol?
2.3.2.1 Semi-natural habitats, providers of ecosystem services
2.3.2.2 From insect diversity to biological control
2.3.3 Despite their ability to host insects, do wildflower strips enhance pest biologicalcontrol?
2.3.3.1 Wildflower strips: a practice with various facets
2.3.3.2 Wildflower strips host a large diversity of insect
2.3.3.3 A diversity of natural enemies to control insect pests
2.3.4 Composing flowering mixtures: the benefits of functional diversity
2.3.4.1 Considering flower functional traits instead of species identity
2.3.4.2 From studying the effect of a single trait to the calculation of functionaldiversity at the mixture level
2.3.5 Wildflower strips are managed but what is the effect of mowing on insect diversity?
2.3.5.1 The diversity of plants composing an ecosystem is dynamic
2.3.5.2 Mowing maintains flower mixture diversity but briefly disturbs theenvironment
2.3.6 Conclusion
第三章 Chapter 3 - Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
Introduction to Chapter 3
3.1 Article 4 - Wheat – oilseed rape intercropping （combined with the slow release ofsemiochemicals） to control aphids and attract their natural enemies in China
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Material and methods
3.1.2.1 Field set up
3.1.2.2 Weather condition
3.1.2.3 Sex pheromone of ladybeetles and semiochemical dispensers
3.1.2.4 Insect monitoring
3.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
3.1.3 Results
3.1.4 Discussion
3.2 Article 5 - Pest regulation and support of natural enemies in agriculture: Experimentalevidence of within field wildflower strips
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Material and methods
3.2.2.1 Field set up
3.2.2.2 Insect monitoring
3.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
3.2.3 Results
3.2.4 Discussion
第四章 Chapter 4 - Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
Introduction to Chapter 4
4.1 Article 6 - Do flower mixtures with high functional diversity enhance aphid predatorsin wildflower strips?
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Material and methods
4.1.2.1 Study design
4.1.2.2 Sown functional diversity
4.1.2.3 Realized functional diversity
4.1.2.4 Monitoring of insect species
4.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
4.1.3 Results
4.1.3.1 Flower cover, species and functional diversity
4.1.3.2 Aphid predator abundance and diversity
4.1.3.3 Effect of sown mixtures and realized functional diversity on aphid predators.
4.1.4 Discussion
4.2 Article 7 - Effect of flower traits and hosts on the abundance of parasitoids in perennialmultiple species wildflower strips sown within oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） crops
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Material and methods
4.2.2.1 Field set up
4.2.2.2 Flower species monitoring
4.2.2.3 Insect species monitoring
4.2.2.4 Statistical analyses
4.2.3 Results
4.2.3.1 Flowers
4.2.3.2 Parasitoids and hosts
4.2.3.3 Parasitoid–flower trait interactions
4.2.4 Discussion
4.2.4.1 Effect of hosts on parasitoids
4.2.4.2 Traits affecting parasitoid abundance in WFS
4.2.4.3 Practical implications and further research
第五章 全文結(jié)論 – Chapter 5 - General conclusions and perspectives
5.1 General conclusions
5.1.1 Conclusions on the increase of plant diversity at the field scale with the provisionof flower resources for enhancing biological control
5.1.2 Conclusions on the trait-based analyses for composing flower mixtures attractive tonatural enemies
5.1.3 Prey/hosts versus habitats: what does explain natural enemy abundance anddiversity in agroecosystems?
5.1.4 Assessing biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems: what is the bestindicator?
5.1.5 Variability in the delivery of ecosystem services: an intrinsic component ofagroecological systems?
5.2 Article 8 - Spatial diversification of agroecosystems to enhance biological control andother regulating services: An agroecological perspective
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Spatial diversification towards biological control of insect pests
5.2.2.1 Does spatial diversification at local and landscape scales enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.2 How to compose and design crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.3 How to manage crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pest regulation?
5.2.3 From insect pest control to multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.1 Towards natural regulation of multiple pests
5.2.3.2 Towards the provision of multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.3 From theory to implementation, how to trigger change?
5.2.4 Conclusion
References
致謝–Acknowledgements
作者簡歷
【參考文獻】
本文編號：2889897
【學(xué)位單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位年份】：2018
【中圖分類】：S476;S181
【文章目錄】：
摘要
abstract
第一章 引言 Chapter 1 - General introduction
1.1 The limits of the input-intensive agriculture
1.2 Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture
1.3 Practices for a biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems
1.4 Structure of the thesis
1.4.1 Chapter 2: Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable food systems
1.4.2 Chapter 3: Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
1.4.3 Chapter 4: Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
1.4.4 Chapter 5: General conclusions and perspectives
第二章 Chapter 2 - Towards a biodiversity-based agriculture for sustainable foodsystems
2.1 Article 1 - Towards sustainable food systems: the concept of agroecology and how itquestions current research practices. A review
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Agroecological practices to increase environmental sustainability
2.1.3 Organizing the food system in order to increase social relevance and economicviability
2.1.4 Scientific practices and agricultural innovations
2.1.5 Towards tailor-made solutions rather than recipes
2.2 Article 2 - Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-based intercropping systems for biologicalpest control. A review
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Experimental methods
2.2.2.1 A systematic research of the literature
2.2.2.2 Vote-counting method
2.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
2.2.3 Results
2.2.3.1 Countries and evolution through time
2.2.3.2 Plants associated with wheat and types of intercropping
2.2.3.3 Pests and their natural enemies
2.2.3.4 Crop yield
2.2.4 Discussion
2.2.4.1 Effect on pest biological control and implication for yield
2.2.4.2 Adopting intercropping for pest control: constraints and opportunities
2.2.4.3 Needs for further research
2.3 Article 3 - Wildflower strips for biological control: state-of-art, limits and perspectivesin Wallonia. A review
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Semi-natural elements for biodiversity conservation: which benefits for biologicalcontrol?
2.3.2.1 Semi-natural habitats, providers of ecosystem services
2.3.2.2 From insect diversity to biological control
2.3.3 Despite their ability to host insects, do wildflower strips enhance pest biologicalcontrol?
2.3.3.1 Wildflower strips: a practice with various facets
2.3.3.2 Wildflower strips host a large diversity of insect
2.3.3.3 A diversity of natural enemies to control insect pests
2.3.4 Composing flowering mixtures: the benefits of functional diversity
2.3.4.1 Considering flower functional traits instead of species identity
2.3.4.2 From studying the effect of a single trait to the calculation of functionaldiversity at the mixture level
2.3.5 Wildflower strips are managed but what is the effect of mowing on insect diversity?
2.3.5.1 The diversity of plants composing an ecosystem is dynamic
2.3.5.2 Mowing maintains flower mixture diversity but briefly disturbs theenvironment
2.3.6 Conclusion
第三章 Chapter 3 - Increasing plant diversity at the field scale with the provision offlower resources for enhancing biological control
Introduction to Chapter 3
3.1 Article 4 - Wheat – oilseed rape intercropping （combined with the slow release ofsemiochemicals） to control aphids and attract their natural enemies in China
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Material and methods
3.1.2.1 Field set up
3.1.2.2 Weather condition
3.1.2.3 Sex pheromone of ladybeetles and semiochemical dispensers
3.1.2.4 Insect monitoring
3.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
3.1.3 Results
3.1.4 Discussion
3.2 Article 5 - Pest regulation and support of natural enemies in agriculture: Experimentalevidence of within field wildflower strips
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Material and methods
3.2.2.1 Field set up
3.2.2.2 Insect monitoring
3.2.2.3 Statistical analyses
3.2.3 Results
3.2.4 Discussion
第四章 Chapter 4 - Composing flower mixtures attractive to natural enemies: A trait-based analysis of natural enemy-flower interactions
Introduction to Chapter 4
4.1 Article 6 - Do flower mixtures with high functional diversity enhance aphid predatorsin wildflower strips?
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Material and methods
4.1.2.1 Study design
4.1.2.2 Sown functional diversity
4.1.2.3 Realized functional diversity
4.1.2.4 Monitoring of insect species
4.1.2.5 Statistical analyses
4.1.3 Results
4.1.3.1 Flower cover, species and functional diversity
4.1.3.2 Aphid predator abundance and diversity
4.1.3.3 Effect of sown mixtures and realized functional diversity on aphid predators.
4.1.4 Discussion
4.2 Article 7 - Effect of flower traits and hosts on the abundance of parasitoids in perennialmultiple species wildflower strips sown within oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） crops
4.2.1 Introduction
4.2.2 Material and methods
4.2.2.1 Field set up
4.2.2.2 Flower species monitoring
4.2.2.3 Insect species monitoring
4.2.2.4 Statistical analyses
4.2.3 Results
4.2.3.1 Flowers
4.2.3.2 Parasitoids and hosts
4.2.3.3 Parasitoid–flower trait interactions
4.2.4 Discussion
4.2.4.1 Effect of hosts on parasitoids
4.2.4.2 Traits affecting parasitoid abundance in WFS
4.2.4.3 Practical implications and further research
第五章 全文結(jié)論 – Chapter 5 - General conclusions and perspectives
5.1 General conclusions
5.1.1 Conclusions on the increase of plant diversity at the field scale with the provisionof flower resources for enhancing biological control
5.1.2 Conclusions on the trait-based analyses for composing flower mixtures attractive tonatural enemies
5.1.3 Prey/hosts versus habitats: what does explain natural enemy abundance anddiversity in agroecosystems?
5.1.4 Assessing biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems: what is the bestindicator?
5.1.5 Variability in the delivery of ecosystem services: an intrinsic component ofagroecological systems?
5.2 Article 8 - Spatial diversification of agroecosystems to enhance biological control andother regulating services: An agroecological perspective
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Spatial diversification towards biological control of insect pests
5.2.2.1 Does spatial diversification at local and landscape scales enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.2 How to compose and design crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pestregulation?
5.2.2.3 How to manage crop and non-crop habitats to enhance insect pest regulation?
5.2.3 From insect pest control to multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.1 Towards natural regulation of multiple pests
5.2.3.2 Towards the provision of multiple ecosystem services
5.2.3.3 From theory to implementation, how to trigger change?
5.2.4 Conclusion
References
致謝–Acknowledgements
作者簡歷
【參考文獻】
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