【摘要】：如何在保證作物高產(chǎn)的前提下,提高氮肥利用率、減少氮肥損失及其對(duì)環(huán)境的影響已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)世界性研究課題。硝態(tài)氮淋洗是旱地土壤氮素?fù)p失去向的重要途徑之一,是導(dǎo)致區(qū)域性地下水硝酸鹽污染的重要原因,已成為全球集約農(nóng)區(qū)重大農(nóng)業(yè)和生態(tài)環(huán)境問(wèn)題。明確不同農(nóng)作系統(tǒng)土壤硝態(tài)氮的產(chǎn)生、淋洗過(guò)程及影響因素,并進(jìn)一步提出阻控措施,具有重要的農(nóng)學(xué)和環(huán)境意義。在這一方面國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者已經(jīng)開(kāi)展了長(zhǎng)期、大量的研究,并積累了豐富的資料。本文簡(jiǎn)要綜述了旱地土壤硝化作用的微生物驅(qū)動(dòng)過(guò)程,比較了當(dāng)前最為常用的田間原位監(jiān)測(cè)硝態(tài)氮淋洗方法的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),分析了影響硝態(tài)氮累積和淋洗的各種因素,總結(jié)了相應(yīng)的調(diào)控措施,并對(duì)今后的研究工作進(jìn)行展望:加強(qiáng)旱地土壤硝化作用的關(guān)鍵微生物過(guò)程、機(jī)理以及相關(guān)驅(qū)動(dòng)因子調(diào)控作用的研究,有助于增加對(duì)土壤氮素循環(huán)的認(rèn)識(shí),而這些認(rèn)識(shí)是旱地農(nóng)作系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行氮素優(yōu)化管理和制定硝態(tài)氮淋洗阻控技術(shù)的重要基礎(chǔ);繼續(xù)尋找和建立一種擾動(dòng)更少、維護(hù)簡(jiǎn)單、樣品污染更低、尤其適合長(zhǎng)期監(jiān)測(cè)的田間原位研究方法,對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確地揭示旱地土壤硝態(tài)氮的淋洗規(guī)律和實(shí)時(shí)通量尤為重要;系統(tǒng)地開(kāi)展不同旱地農(nóng)作系統(tǒng)硝態(tài)氮淋洗的綜合性研究,闡明影響硝態(tài)氮累積和淋洗的主要因素,并提出針對(duì)性的阻控措施,更符合田間實(shí)際,對(duì)于降低區(qū)域硝態(tài)氮淋洗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意義重大。
[Abstract]:How to improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency and reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer and its impact on the environment has become a worldwide research subject on the premise of ensuring the high yield of crops. Nitrate leaching is one of the most important ways for nitrogen loss in dryland soils and an important cause of nitrate pollution in regional groundwater. It has become a major agricultural and ecological problem in intensive agricultural areas of the world. It is of great significance in agronomy and environment to identify the production, leaching process and influencing factors of nitrate nitrogen in different farming systems. In this respect, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a long-term, a large number of research, and accumulated a wealth of information. In this paper, the microbial driving process of nitrification in dryland soil was briefly reviewed, the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used in situ monitoring of nitrate leaching in field were compared, and the factors affecting the accumulation and elution of nitrate nitrogen were analyzed. This paper summarized the corresponding control measures and looked forward to the future research work: strengthening the key microbial process of soil nitrification in dryland, the mechanism and the regulation of related driving factors. Contribute to increased understanding of the soil nitrogen cycle, which is an important basis for optimal nitrogen management in dryland farming systems and the development of nitrate-nitrogen leaching containment techniques; continue to seek and establish a less disturbed and easier maintenance, The sample pollution is lower, especially suitable for long-term monitoring in the field research method, which is particularly important to accurately reveal the leaching law and real-time flux of nitrate nitrogen in dryland soil. A comprehensive study on the leaching of nitrate nitrogen in different dryland farming systems was carried out systematically. The main factors affecting the accumulation and leaching of nitrate nitrogen were elucidated, and the relevant control measures were put forward, which were more in line with the field practice. It is of great significance to reduce the risk of regional nitrate leaching.
【作者單位】： 中國(guó)熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院橡膠研究所;中國(guó)水產(chǎn)科學(xué)研究院東海水產(chǎn)研究所;
【基金】：國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31400529) 中國(guó)熱帶農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)(1630022016017)資助~~
【分類號(hào)】：S153;X144

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