本文選題：重金屬鎘 + 鉛��； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著工業(yè)化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展,重金屬污染問(wèn)題已成為全球主要的環(huán)境問(wèn)題之一。我國(guó)的重金屬污染問(wèn)題也十分嚴(yán)重,并隨著西部大開(kāi)發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的深入實(shí)施,重金屬污染物在西部干旱半干旱地區(qū)的道路和工業(yè)園區(qū)中呈現(xiàn)持續(xù)累積現(xiàn)象,鎘、鉛、鋅含量嚴(yán)重超標(biāo)并影響周邊環(huán)境和人類(lèi)健康。當(dāng)?shù)刂亟饘傥廴就寥赖男迯?fù)問(wèn)題急需得到高度重視和切實(shí)解決。因此在污染區(qū)選擇合適的植被修復(fù)物種對(duì)西部干旱半干旱地區(qū)的環(huán)境保護(hù)和污染物治理具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。以四種干旱半干旱區(qū)適生灌木中華金葉榆(Ulmus pumila‘Jinye’)、水蠟(Ligustrum obtusifolium)、檉柳(Tamarix ramosissima)和銀水牛果(Shepherdia argentea)兩年生幼樹(shù)為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)向土壤添加外源鎘(CdCl2·2.5H2O)的形式設(shè)置了CK(0 mg·kg-1)、T1(2 mg·kg-1)、T2(5 mg·kg-1)、T3(10 mg·kg-1)(以純鎘計(jì))4個(gè)處理,研究四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木對(duì)鎘的耐性、積累特征及生長(zhǎng)、生理響應(yīng),以探明四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木是否能有效地用于寧夏乃至整個(gè)西部干旱半干旱地區(qū)表層土壤鎘污染區(qū)域的植被修復(fù);以四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)向土壤添加外源鉛(Pb(CH3COO)2·3H2O)的形式設(shè)置了CK(0 mg·kg-1對(duì)照)、T1(2 mg·kg-1)、T2(5 mg·kg-1)、T3(10 mg·kg-1)(以純鉛計(jì))4個(gè)處理,考察四種樹(shù)種對(duì)鉛的耐性、積累特性和生長(zhǎng)生理、光合響應(yīng),以期篩選出合適的植被修復(fù)物種應(yīng)用于西部干旱半干旱地區(qū)具有典型鉛污染的區(qū)域;以四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木為研究對(duì)象,采用向土壤添加外源鋅(Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O)的形式設(shè)置了CK(0 mg·kg-1)、T1(300mg·kg-1)、T2(500 mg·kg-1)、T3(1000 mg·kg-1)4個(gè)處理組(以純鋅計(jì)),開(kāi)展四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木對(duì)鋅污染土壤的生長(zhǎng)、光合以及耐受適應(yīng)特征研究,為我國(guó)西部干旱半干旱地區(qū)耐鋅樹(shù)種的引進(jìn)與應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要結(jié)論如下:在土壤鎘含量為5.31 mg·kg-1時(shí),中華金葉榆的株高、生物量和耐性指數(shù)(Ti)與對(duì)照組比無(wú)顯著性差異。當(dāng)土壤鎘含量升高至10.31 mg·kg-1時(shí),株高和生物量表現(xiàn)為抑制現(xiàn)象。隨土壤鎘含量的升高,水蠟、檉柳和銀水牛果的株高、生物量、耐性指數(shù)和凈光合速率顯著下降。當(dāng)土壤鎘含量不超過(guò)5.31 mg·kg-1時(shí),中華金葉榆的凈光合速率并未受到限制。中華金葉榆體內(nèi)的POD和CAT活性則隨著土壤鎘含量的增加持續(xù)增加,SOD、APX活性在鎘含量為5.31 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值。水蠟、檉柳和銀水牛果體內(nèi)的SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性均呈現(xiàn)了先升后降的趨勢(shì),均在土壤鎘含量為5.31 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值。在土壤鎘含量為10.31 mg·kg-1時(shí),中華金葉榆根部累積的最大鎘含量為10.47 mg·kg-1 DW,而地上部分的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)較小,介于0.07~0.48。檉柳根部積累的最大鎘含量為5.03 mg·kg-1 DW,地上部分的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)介于0.85~3.57。就水蠟和銀水牛果而言,其部分鎘含量表現(xiàn)為根莖葉,地上部分的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)介于0.11~0.70和0.75~0.81之間。根據(jù)本研究可以看出中華金葉榆在土壤鎘含量不高于5.31 mg·kg-1時(shí)具有高的鎘耐受能力和根部積累能力。檉柳在土壤鎘含量為5.31 mg·kg-1時(shí)具有較好的鎘耐受能力與最優(yōu)的地上部分鎘轉(zhuǎn)移能力。因此中華金葉榆和檉柳對(duì)寧夏地區(qū)乃至整個(gè)西部干旱半干旱區(qū)土壤表層鎘污染嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)有較強(qiáng)的推廣應(yīng)用潛力。而水蠟和銀水牛果雖然在土壤鎘含量為5.31 mg·kg-1時(shí)也具有較高的耐受能力,但其根部累積鎘的能力和向地上部分轉(zhuǎn)移的能力較差,使之相較于中華金葉榆和檉柳而言應(yīng)用潛力大大降低。在鉛脅迫90 d后,中華金葉榆、水蠟、檉柳的株高、生物量、凈光合速率隨土壤鉛含量的增加呈現(xiàn)顯著下降趨勢(shì)。在土壤鉛含量為431.61 mg·kg-1時(shí),銀水牛果的株高、根生物量和地上生物量與對(duì)照組比無(wú)顯著性差異。中華金葉榆葉片內(nèi)SOD,POD,APX在土壤鉛含量為831.61 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值,CAT活性在土壤鉛含量為431.61 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值,其中T1,T2處理組間無(wú)顯著性差異且均顯著高于CK,水蠟和銀水牛果葉片內(nèi)的SOD,POD,CAT,APX活性均呈現(xiàn)先升后降的趨勢(shì),在土壤鉛含量為431.61 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值。檉柳葉片內(nèi)的SOD,POD,CAT,APX活性持續(xù)增加,均在土壤鉛含量為1231.61 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值。四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木各部分鉛含量均表現(xiàn)為根莖葉,中華金葉榆、水蠟和銀水牛果的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)分別介于0.14~0.2,0.06~0.16,0.40~0.72之間。而檉柳的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)介于0.29~0.91之間,在鉛含量為1231.61 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值0.91。本研究可以看出中華金葉榆在土壤鉛含量為831.61 mg·kg-1時(shí)具有較好的耐受能力和根部積累鉛的能力,水蠟在鉛含量為431.61 mg·kg-1時(shí)也具有較好的耐受能力和積極的抗氧化能力。在土壤鉛含量為431.61 mg·kg-1時(shí),銀水牛果的生長(zhǎng)和光合均未收到限制,同時(shí)表現(xiàn)了較高的鉛耐受能力和轉(zhuǎn)移能力,使之在西部干旱半干旱區(qū)土壤表層鉛污染嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)有較強(qiáng)的應(yīng)用潛力。檉柳在遭受鉛脅迫時(shí),雖然限制了其生長(zhǎng)和光合作用,但檉柳體內(nèi)的抗氧化酶活性持續(xù)增加,同時(shí)具有最優(yōu)的向地上部分轉(zhuǎn)移鉛的能力,使其對(duì)西部干旱半干旱地區(qū)表層鉛污染土壤的修復(fù)具有一定的應(yīng)用潛力。隨土壤鋅含量的增加四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木的株高、根生物量、地上部分生物量、葉綠素含量降低。中華金葉榆的根冠比在土壤鋅含量為425和625 mg·kg-1時(shí)與對(duì)照組相比無(wú)顯著性差異,1125 mg·kg-1時(shí)顯著降低。當(dāng)土壤鋅含量超過(guò)625 mg·kg-1時(shí),水蠟的根冠比顯著低于對(duì)照。土壤鋅含量超過(guò)425 mg·kg-1時(shí),銀水牛果的根冠比顯著低于對(duì)照。檉柳的根冠比隨土壤鋅含量的增加呈上升趨勢(shì)。四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木的凈光合速率、氣孔導(dǎo)度、胞間CO2濃度與對(duì)照組相比均顯著降低,這說(shuō)明在高鋅脅迫下,氣孔關(guān)閉導(dǎo)致4種植物的凈光合速率下降。隨土壤鋅含量的增加,中華金葉榆、水蠟、檉柳和銀水牛果根部、莖部和葉片中累積的鋅含量都顯著高于對(duì)照組,均在在1125 mg·kg-1時(shí)達(dá)到最大值,植物各部分累積的鋅含量均表現(xiàn)為根部莖部葉片。中華金葉榆的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)介于0.84~1.20之間;水蠟的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)介于0.63~0.70之間;檉柳的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)介于0.82~1.31之間;銀水牛果的轉(zhuǎn)移系數(shù)介于0.62~1.39之間。本研究可以看出四種干旱半干旱區(qū)灌木的生長(zhǎng)和光合隨鋅脅迫濃度的升高受到的抑制程度增加。高鋅脅迫下水蠟生長(zhǎng)受到限制,葉片衰老加劇,同時(shí)不具備較好的鋅轉(zhuǎn)移能力,使其對(duì)鋅污染土壤的修復(fù)應(yīng)用潛力大大降低。但中華金葉榆、檉柳和銀水牛果在土壤鋅含量為425 mg·kg-1和625 mg·kg-1濃度下均具有較好的鋅耐受性和向地上部分遷移能力,因此中華金葉榆和檉柳作為鄉(xiāng)土適生樹(shù)種,應(yīng)當(dāng)在西部干旱半干旱鋅污染地區(qū)大力推廣。銀水牛果作為外來(lái)引進(jìn)樹(shù)種,表現(xiàn)了較好的鋅污染土壤修復(fù)能力,使其在西部鋅污染區(qū)的研究與推廣潛力大大增加。
[Abstract]:With the development of industrialization, the problem of heavy metal pollution has become one of the major environmental problems in the world. The problem of heavy metal pollution in China is also very serious. With the deep implementation of the strategy of western development, heavy metal pollutants have been accumulated in the road and industrial park of arid and semi-arid areas of Western China, cadmium, lead and zinc. In the polluted area, the selection of suitable vegetation restoration species is of great practical significance for environmental protection and pollution control in arid and semi-arid areas of Western China. Four kinds of drought and semi drought are in place. The seedlings of Ulmus pumila 'Jinye', Ligustrum obtusifolium, Tamarix (Tamarix ramosissima) and Silver Buffalo fruit (Shepherdia argentea) were studied in arid areas, and CK (2, CdCl2 2.5H2O) was set in the form of adding exogenous cadmium (CdCl2. 2.5H2O) to the soil. (1) 0 mg. Kg-1) (YISHION cadmium) (YISHION) 4 treatments, study the tolerance, accumulation, growth and physiological response of shrubs in four arid and semi-arid areas to explore whether the shrubs in four arid and semi-arid areas can be effectively used for vegetation restoration in the surface soil of the arid and semi-arid regions of Ningxia and the whole western region; four arid and semi-arid areas are arid and semi-arid. By adding CK (0 mg to kg-1), T1 (2 mg. Kg-1), T2 (5 mg kg-1) and 4 YISHION (YISHION lead), the area shrubs were added to the soil by adding exogenous lead (Pb (CH3COO) 2. 3H2O) to examine the tolerance, accumulation, physiological and photosynthetic response of four species of tree species for the selection of suitable vegetation restoration. The species was applied to the region with typical lead pollution in arid and semi-arid areas in Western China; with four arid and semi-arid shrubs as research objects, CK (0 mg. Kg-1), T1 (300mg. Kg-1), T2 (500 mg kg-1), 4 YISHION zinc (YISHION zinc), four kinds of droughts were set up in the form of adding exogenous zinc (CH3COO) 2H2O to the soil. The study on the growth, photosynthesis and tolerance adaptation of the shrubs to the zinc contaminated soil in the semi-arid area provides a scientific basis for the introduction and application of zinc tolerant tree species in arid and semi-arid areas in Western China. The main conclusions are as follows: when the soil cadmium content is 5.31 mg kg-1, the plant height, biomass and tolerance index (Ti) of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm are not significantly higher than that of the control group. The plant height and biomass were inhibited when the soil cadmium content increased to 10.31 mg. Kg-1. With the increase of soil cadmium content, the plant height, biomass, tolerance index and net photosynthetic rate of the water wax, Tamarix and Silver Buffalo decreased significantly. The net photosynthetic rate of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm was not more than 5.31 mg. Kg-1. The activity of POD and CAT in the Chinese Golden Leaf Ulmus Ulmus increased continuously with the increase of cadmium content in the soil, and the activity of SOD and APX reached the maximum when the content of cadmium was 5.31 mg. Kg-1. The activity of SOD, POD, CAT and APX in the fruit of water wax, Tamarix and Silver Buffalo showed a tendency to rise first and then descend, all of which were reached when the content of cadmium in the soil was 5.31 mg. The maximum cadmium content accumulated in the root of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm was 10.47 mg. Kg-1 DW when the soil cadmium content was 10.31 mg. Kg-1, while the transfer coefficient of the above ground part was smaller, the maximum cadmium content accumulated in the roots of Tamarix Tamarix was 5.03 mg. Kg-1 DW. The transfer coefficient of the upper part of the ground was between the 0.85~3.57. on the wax and the Silver Buffalo fruit. The partial cadmium content in the ground part is between 0.11~0.70 and 0.75~0.81. According to this study, it can be found that the cadmium tolerance and root accumulation ability of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm in the soil is not higher than 5.31 mg. Kg-1. Tamarix has a better cadmium tolerance in the soil with the content of 5.31 mg. Kg-1. Therefore, the Chinese Golden Leaf elm and Tamarix chinensis have a strong potential for spreading and applying the cadmium pollution in the soil surface of the arid and semi-arid regions of Ningxia and the whole west, while the water wax and the Silver Buffalo have high tolerance to the cadmium content of 5.31 mg. Kg-1 in the soil. The ability of accumulating cadmium in the root and the ability to transfer to the upper part of the earth is poor, so that the application potential is greatly reduced compared to the Chinese Golden Leaf elm and Tamarix. After 90 d lead stress, the plant height, biomass and net photosynthetic rate of Chinese Golden Leaf elm, wax and Tamarix are significantly decreased with the increase of soil lead content. The content of lead in soil is 431.61 m. When g / kg-1, the plant height, root biomass and aboveground biomass were not significantly different from those of the control group. The maximum value of SOD, POD and APX in the leaves of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm leaf was 831.61 mg. Kg-1, and CAT activity reached the maximum value when the lead content of soil was 431.61 mg kg-1. There was no significant difference between the T2 treatment groups and all the T2 treatment groups. Significantly higher than CK, the activity of SOD, POD, CAT and APX in the leaves of water wax and Silver Buffalo showed a tendency to rise first and then descend, and reached the maximum when the soil lead content was 431.61 mg kg-1. The SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activity in the leaves of Tamarix were increased continuously, all of which reached the maximum when the soil lead content was 1231.61 mg. Four kinds of arid and semi-arid shrubs. The partial lead content was the root and stem, the transfer coefficient of Chinese Golden Leaf elm, water wax and silver buffalo were between 0.14~0.2,0.06~0.16,0.40~0.72, and the transfer coefficient of Tamarix was between 0.29~0.91 and the maximum of 0.91. when the lead content was 1231.61 mg. Kg-1, we can see that the lead content of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm in the soil is 831.61. Mg / kg-1 had better tolerance and the ability to accumulate lead in the root. When the content of lead was 431.61 mg. Kg-1, it also had better tolerance and active antioxidant capacity. When the soil lead content was 431.61 mg. Kg-1, the growth and Photosynthesis of the silver water cattle were not limited, while the higher lead tolerance and turn were shown. In the arid and semi-arid areas of Western China, it has a strong potential for application in areas with serious lead pollution in the arid and semi-arid areas of Western China. When Tamarix is subjected to lead stress, the growth and Photosynthesis of Tamarix are limited, but the antioxidant enzyme activity in the Tamarix body continues to increase, and it has the best ability to transfer lead to the upper part of the earth, so that it is drought in the West. With the increase of soil zinc content, the plant height of four arid and semi-arid shrubs, the root biomass, the aboveground biomass and the chlorophyll content decreased with the increase of soil zinc content. The root and crown ratio of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm was not significantly worse than that of the control group when the soil zinc content was 425 and 625 mg. Kg-1. When soil zinc content exceeded 625 mg. Kg-1, the root and crown ratio of water wax was significantly lower than that of control when the content of soil zinc exceeded 625 mg. Kg-1. When soil zinc content exceeded 425 mg. Kg-1, the root crown ratio of silver water cattle was significantly lower than that of control. The net photosynthetic rate of shrubs in four arid and semi-arid areas was increased by the increase of root to crown ratio of Tamarix Tamarix with soil zinc content. The stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were significantly lower than those of the control group, which indicated that the net photosynthetic rate of the 4 plants decreased with the stomatal closure under high zinc stress. With the increase of soil zinc content, the accumulation of zinc in the root of Chinese Golden elm, waxes, Tamarix and Silver Buffalo were significantly higher than those in the control group, both at 1125 m. When g / kg-1 reached the maximum, the zinc content accumulated in all parts of the plant was expressed in the root stem leaf. The transfer coefficient of the Chinese Golden Leaf elm was between 0.84~1.20, the transfer coefficient of water wax was between 0.63~0.70, the transfer coefficient of Tamarix was between 0.82~1.31, and the transfer coefficient of silver water cattle was between 0.62~1.39. The growth and Photosynthesis of shrubs in four arid and semi-arid areas increased with the increase of zinc stress. The growth of waxes under high zinc stress was restricted, leaf senescence increased, and no better zinc transfer ability was available, which greatly reduced the potential of zinc contaminated soil remediation. However, Chinese Golden Leaf elm, Tamarix and Silver Buffalo were greatly reduced. Under the concentration of 425 mg. Kg-1 and 625 mg. Kg-1, the fruit had better zinc tolerance and the ability to migrate to the upper part of the earth. Therefore, Chinese Golden Leaf elm and Tamarix, as native species, should be popularized in the arid and semi-arid zinc polluted areas in Western China. The ability of soil remediation has greatly increased its potential for research and popularization in zinc contaminated areas in the West.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X173

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