本文選題：伊犁河 + 大型底棲動物��； 參考：《東北師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：大型底棲無脊椎動物(Macroinvertebrates)是河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分,位于食物鏈的中間環(huán)節(jié),對河流的物質循環(huán)和能量流動具有重要作用。不同類群的底棲動物往往對河流水質的敏感程度不同,因此可作為評價河流健康狀況的重要指標。而關于底棲動物的環(huán)境影響因素研究也仍是熱點之一。目前國內(nèi)關于底棲動物的研究大多集中于沿海地區(qū),對于新疆等西部地區(qū)特別是像新疆伊犁河這樣的國際河流的研究相對較少。本研究以我國新疆伊犁河底棲動物群落為研究對象,分別于2014年7-8月和2015年7-8月份對試驗樣地的底棲動物進行了調查取樣并測定了相關環(huán)境指標。擬解決以下科學問題:1)新疆伊犁河的底棲動物群落現(xiàn)狀如何及其主要環(huán)境影響因素是什么?2)新疆伊犁河底棲動物功能攝食類群組成以及影響各功能攝食類群的主要環(huán)境因子是什么?3)人為活動對底棲動物產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響?4)新疆伊犁河的河流健康水平狀況?哪種指數(shù)更適合于伊犁河的水質生物評價?得出以下主要結論:(1)研究期間,新疆伊犁河共采集大型底棲動物19735頭,屬11目39科81屬(種),其中水生昆蟲、軟體動物、寡毛類分別占93.8%、2.5%和3.7%,似動蜉(Cinygmula sp.)和粗腹搖蚊(Pelopia sp.)為伊犁河的優(yōu)勢物種,底棲動物平均密度為1385.2ind./m2,其中水生昆蟲貢獻最大。底棲動物群落整體多樣性水平較高,但不同樣點間差異較大。流速、電導率、水溫和海拔是影響伊犁河底棲動物分布的主要環(huán)境因素。(2)伊犁河第三大支流鞏乃斯河功能攝食類群處于較為完整狀態(tài),而伊犁河第二大支流喀什河由于受到人為活動影響較為嚴重導致某些樣點濾食者和撕食者消失,底棲動物功能攝食類群嚴重退化。影響濾食者的最主要環(huán)境因子為水溫、流速、溶氧和pH;而刮食者主要受到了電導率、海拔、流速、水溫以及粒徑為16-64mm的底質的影響;影響收集者的主要環(huán)境因子為粒徑小于1mm的底質、溶氧、海拔和水溫;撕食者主要受到電導率、海拔和水溫的影響;影響捕食者的主要環(huán)境因子則為有機質、電導率、水溫和溶氧。(3)比較分析了自然、受損、壩下和保護區(qū)四種生境的大型底棲動物群落結構特征。結果表明:自然生境在物種數(shù)、優(yōu)勢物種數(shù)、EPT物種數(shù)、密度和物種多樣性方面均高于其他三種生境,而壩下生境均最低,保護區(qū)生境底棲動物群落結構優(yōu)于受損生境和壩下生境。(4)伊犁河河流健康狀況整體較好,但不同河段間的水質健康等級差異較大。其中喀什河水質健康等級為亞健康和健康的河段占35.6%,差與極差的河段占20.0%;鞏乃斯河水質健康等級為亞健康和健康的河段占84.0%,不存在健康等級為差和極差的樣點。ASPT記分系統(tǒng)和Pielou指數(shù)評價結果在靈敏度上稍差。Shannon-Wiener指數(shù)、Margalef指數(shù)和BMWP記分系統(tǒng)更適合于伊犁河的水質評價。
[Abstract]:Macroinvertebrates, a macrobenthic invertebrate, is an important part of river ecosystem, which is located in the middle of the food chain and plays an important role in the material circulation and energy flow of the river. Benthic animals of different groups are often sensitive to river water quality, so it can be used as an important index to evaluate river health. The study on the environmental factors of benthic animals is still one of the hot spots. At present, most of the studies on benthos are focused on the coastal areas, but the research on the western regions such as Xinjiang, especially the international rivers such as the Yili River in Xinjiang, is relatively rare. In this study, the benthic fauna community of the Yili River in Xinjiang was investigated in July-August 2014 and July-August 2015 respectively. To solve the following scientific question: 1) what is the current situation of benthic fauna community in Yili River, Xinjiang and what are its main environmental impact factors? 2) the composition of functional feeding groups of benthic animals in Yili River, Xinjiang, and the main factors affecting the functional feeding groups of benthic animals in Yili River, Xinjiang What are the environmental factors? (3) what is the impact of human activities on benthos? 4) the river health status of the Yili River in Xinjiang? Which index is more suitable for biological evaluation of water quality in the Ili River? The main conclusions are as follows: during the study, 19735 macrobenthos belonging to 11 orders, 39 families, 81 genera were collected in Yili River, Xinjiang (species, including aquatic insects, mollusks, oligochaetes accounting for 93.8% and 3.7%, respectively). And Pelopia sp. The average density of benthos is 1385.2ind.rm2.The aquatic insects contribute the most. The overall diversity level of benthos community is higher, but the difference between different points is great. Velocity, conductivity, water temperature and altitude are the main environmental factors affecting the distribution of benthic animals in the Yili River. However, the second tributary of the Yili River, Kashi River, was seriously affected by human activities, which led to the disappearance of filter and avulsion predators in some sample sites, and the degradation of functional feeding groups of benthic animals. The most important environmental factors affecting filter eaters were water temperature, velocity of flow, dissolved oxygen and pH, while scraped eaters were mainly affected by conductivity, altitude, velocity, water temperature and sediment with particle size of 16-64mm. The main environmental factors affecting the collector were the sediment with particle size smaller than 1mm, dissolved oxygen, altitude and water temperature; the main environmental factors affecting the predator were organic matter, conductivity, and water temperature. The characteristics of macrobenthos community in natural, damaged, and protected areas were compared and analyzed by water temperature and dissolved oxygen. The results showed that the number of species, dominant species, density and species diversity of natural habitats were higher than those of the other three habitats, but the habitats under dam were the lowest. The benthic community structure in the protected area was better than that in the damaged habitat and under the dam habitat.) the health status of the Yili River was better as a whole, but the water quality and health grade of the different reaches varied greatly. Among them, the water quality of Kashi River is sub-health and health, the water quality of Kashi River is 35.6, the poor and extremely poor reach is 20.0, and the section of Gongnisi River with sub-health and health grade is 84.0, and there is no sample point of poor and extremely poor health grade .ASPT. The results of scoring system and Pielou index are slightly less sensitive. Margalef index and BMWP scoring system are more suitable for water quality evaluation of Yili River.
【學位授予單位】：東北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X824;Q958.8

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