本文選題：農(nóng)村面源污染 + 農(nóng)戶行為��； 參考：《重慶三峽學(xué)院》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：加強(qiáng)生態(tài)涵養(yǎng)與保護(hù)是重慶"兩翼"地區(qū)的首要任務(wù),萬(wàn)州區(qū)屬渝東北生態(tài)涵養(yǎng)發(fā)展區(qū),長(zhǎng)江橫貫東西,次級(jí)河流縱橫交錯(cuò),水資源豐富。但隨著農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展,萬(wàn)州區(qū)農(nóng)村面源污染問(wèn)題已十分突出,加強(qiáng)萬(wàn)州區(qū)農(nóng)村面源污染防治已刻不容緩。本文以重慶市萬(wàn)州區(qū)統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒和萬(wàn)州區(qū)長(zhǎng)嶺鎮(zhèn)、分水鎮(zhèn)、余家鎮(zhèn)、后山鎮(zhèn)、彈子鎮(zhèn)、太龍鎮(zhèn)、新田鎮(zhèn)等地調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)萬(wàn)州農(nóng)村面源污染總體形勢(shì)、農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)生活行為特征、鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)污水垃圾處理等環(huán)�；A(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析,主要結(jié)論有:一、萬(wàn)州區(qū)面源污染物排放總量巨大且短期內(nèi)難以縮減。通過(guò)單元調(diào)查法對(duì)萬(wàn)州區(qū)農(nóng)村面源污染現(xiàn)狀的估算,2015年萬(wàn)州區(qū)進(jìn)入環(huán)境的過(guò)剩農(nóng)藥總量超過(guò)923.2噸,化肥、畜禽糞便等排放的C0D、總氮和總磷入河總量分別達(dá)到29822.5盹、5630.7噸和2728.8噸,農(nóng)村生活垃圾年產(chǎn)量約為42.5萬(wàn)噸。并根據(jù)有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)研究成果和庫(kù)茲涅茨倒U型曲線原理推斷,在農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的同時(shí),尤其是經(jīng)濟(jì)作物、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的大力發(fā)展以及農(nóng)村居民生活水平的不斷提高,萬(wàn)州區(qū)面源污染物排放總量將不斷增長(zhǎng)。二、農(nóng)戶的生產(chǎn)生活行為是農(nóng)村面源污染的根本原因。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),萬(wàn)州區(qū)農(nóng)戶在生產(chǎn)生活行為存在著大量的錯(cuò)誤或者不合理行為,比如:誤認(rèn)為化肥施用與產(chǎn)出成正比關(guān)系,造成化肥施用總量逐年增加;農(nóng)作物秸稈回收利用不充分,大量秸稈就地焚燒;畜禽糞便儲(chǔ)存設(shè)施落后,畜禽糞便隨意現(xiàn)象比較普遍;生活垃圾隨意丟棄,垃圾圍村現(xiàn)象比較突出,大雨暴雨成為了快速清運(yùn)垃圾的"有效""便捷"方式。三、農(nóng)村環(huán)保處理設(shè)施最后一公里亟需解決。調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),近年萬(wàn)州區(qū)農(nóng)村環(huán)保設(shè)施加快建設(shè),初步實(shí)現(xiàn)了鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)污水處理廠、垃圾收運(yùn)站全覆蓋,全區(qū)各鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)具備生活垃圾、污水無(wú)害化處理的能力,但大多數(shù)污水處理廠二三級(jí)管網(wǎng)不配套,非場(chǎng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)村地區(qū)垃圾池、垃圾桶等收集設(shè)施不完善,污水垃圾收集率低,污水處理廠、垃圾收運(yùn)體系效能未能得到有效發(fā)揮。四、農(nóng)村面源污染防治體制機(jī)制不夠完善。從萬(wàn)州區(qū)級(jí)層面看,由于各種原因,農(nóng)村面源污染防治具有顯明的運(yùn)動(dòng)式特點(diǎn),系統(tǒng)性的面源污染防治體制機(jī)制不夠完善,農(nóng)村面源污染防治相關(guān)制度、防治措施、面源污染源的防控主要以區(qū)級(jí)部門(mén)文件為基礎(chǔ),缺乏全區(qū)性、系統(tǒng)性的有關(guān)規(guī)劃或?qū)嵤┓桨浮＞C上所述,本論文在閱讀大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)之上,根據(jù)專家學(xué)者對(duì)農(nóng)村面源污染防治建議,結(jié)合萬(wàn)州區(qū)實(shí)際,靈活應(yīng)用,認(rèn)為:農(nóng)戶是決定一個(gè)措施成敗的重要因素,必須在照顧農(nóng)戶利益的情況下,積極引導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶參與農(nóng)村面源污染防治,才能全面有效的推進(jìn)農(nóng)村面源污染防治工作,建議萬(wàn)州區(qū)從以下幾個(gè)方面加以入手:一要建立健全農(nóng)村面源污染防治制度。要盡快出臺(tái)《農(nóng)村面源污染防治辦法》《農(nóng)村面源污染防治實(shí)施方案》,建立完善農(nóng)村面源污染防治目標(biāo)體系、督查考核辦法和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)處罰機(jī)制,并呼吁重慶市加快推進(jìn)市級(jí)層面甚至全國(guó)性的農(nóng)村面源污染防治相關(guān)法規(guī)或規(guī)章制度。二要加強(qiáng)農(nóng)村面源污染物源頭控制。要加大對(duì)萬(wàn)州區(qū)化肥、農(nóng)藥、農(nóng)膜等農(nóng)資產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)和監(jiān)管,嚴(yán)禁高污染高排放量化肥品種流入市場(chǎng),全面禁止銷售和使用劇毒、高殘留農(nóng)藥,推廣可降解農(nóng)膜等。要加快關(guān)閉和搬遷禁養(yǎng)區(qū)所有畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)和限養(yǎng)區(qū)內(nèi)部分畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè),加快畜禽養(yǎng)殖場(chǎng)廢棄物綜合利用和污染治理配套設(shè)施建設(shè)。要加大對(duì)不符合規(guī)定的水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的排查,全面取締水庫(kù)、河流等地網(wǎng)箱養(yǎng)魚(yú)和投餌養(yǎng)魚(yú)。要優(yōu)化調(diào)整"鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)收集、區(qū)運(yùn)輸處置"模式,探索建立垃圾"農(nóng)戶分類、村社收集、鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)清運(yùn)、區(qū)級(jí)處置"四級(jí)垃圾處置模式。三要合理引導(dǎo)農(nóng)村居民生產(chǎn)生活行為。防治農(nóng)村面源污染的根本還在于農(nóng)民,要強(qiáng)化生態(tài)文明宣傳教育,增強(qiáng)全民保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境的法治意識(shí);要加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技能技術(shù)培訓(xùn),向農(nóng)民宣傳農(nóng)村面源污染的危害和防治辦法,引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民合理科學(xué)使用農(nóng)藥化肥。四要加大農(nóng)村面源污染防治投入。要加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)村居民點(diǎn)建設(shè),提升農(nóng)村居民居住集中度。要進(jìn)一步增加農(nóng)村財(cái)政資金投入占比,促進(jìn)農(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施尤其是環(huán)�；A(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展,適當(dāng)增加農(nóng)村一線工作者財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼。要加快完善已建成污染處理廠二三級(jí)管網(wǎng)建設(shè)和村社垃圾收集池建設(shè),實(shí)現(xiàn)管網(wǎng)戶戶通、農(nóng)戶500米有垃圾收集池。五是提高環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)監(jiān)察能力。深入推進(jìn)環(huán)境監(jiān)察標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè),完善區(qū)級(jí)部門(mén)、鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)街道、村社四級(jí)環(huán)境監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò),實(shí)現(xiàn)"網(wǎng)格化"管理全覆蓋。推動(dòng)鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)街道環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè),實(shí)現(xiàn)鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)專門(mén)環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)與專職人員全覆蓋。加強(qiáng)各鎮(zhèn)鄉(xiāng)街道環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)施建設(shè),合理設(shè)置水質(zhì)土壤監(jiān)測(cè)站點(diǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)村環(huán)境常態(tài)化監(jiān)測(cè)。
[Abstract]:Strengthening ecological conservation and protection is the primary task of Chongqing "two wings" area, Wanzhou district belongs to the ecological conservation development area in Northeast Chongqing, the Yangtze River crosses the East and the west, the secondary rivers cross crisscross, and the water resources are rich. But with the rapid development of the rural economy and society, the problem of rural non-point source pollution in Wanzhou district has been very prominent, and the pollution prevention and control of rural area source in Wanzhou district is strengthened. This article is based on the statistical yearbook of Wanzhou District of Chongqing and Changling town of Wanzhou, Changling Town, Fen Shui Town, Yu Jia town, Hou Shan town, Taung Town, Tai Long Town, Xintian Town, etc., on the overall situation of pollution in rural areas in Wanzhou, the characteristics of farmers' production and living behavior, and the construction of environmental infrastructure construction of town and township sewage disposal and so on. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the total amount of the pollutant discharge in Wanzhou area is huge and it is difficult to reduce in the short term. Through the unit survey method, the total amount of agricultural pollution in the rural area of Wanzhou district is estimated. In 2015, the total amount of the surplus pesticide into the environment in the Wanzhou district is more than 923.2 tons, the chemical fertilizer, livestock and poultry excrement and so on, the total nitrogen and total phosphorus into the river total. Do not reach 29822.5 naps, 5630.7 tons and 2728.8 tons, the annual output of rural domestic waste is about 425 thousand tons. According to the relevant literature research results and the Kuznets inverted U curve principle, it is concluded that the rapid development of the rural economy, especially the economic crops, the vigorous development of the aquaculture industry and the continuous improvement of the living standard of rural residents, Wanzhou District The total discharge of non-point source pollutants will continue to increase. Two, the production and living behavior of farmers is the fundamental cause of rural non-point source pollution. The survey found that there are a lot of wrong or unreasonable behavior in the production and living behavior of farmers in Wanzhou District, for example, it is mistaken that the application of chemical fertilizer is in direct proportion to the output, resulting in the increase of the total amount of fertilizer application year by year. The recovery and utilization of crop straw is insufficient, a large number of straw is incineration on the spot, the storage facilities of livestock and poultry manure are backward, and the random phenomena of livestock and poultry manure are common; the living garbage is discarded at will, the phenomenon of garbage collection is more prominent, the heavy rain and heavy rain has become the "effective" way of "effective" for the rapid transportation of garbage. Three, the last kilometre of environmental treatment facilities in rural areas is in urgent need. The investigation found that in recent years, the rural environmental protection facilities in Wanzhou district have been accelerated, and the township sewage treatment plants, garbage collection stations are fully covered, the township and Township township has the capacity of living garbage and sewage disposal, but most of the sewage treatment plants are not equipped with the two or three level pipe network, and the garbage Pooles and garbage cans in the rural areas of the town are collected and set up. The efficiency of sewage garbage collection is low, the efficiency of sewage treatment plant and garbage collection system has not been effectively played. Four, the system mechanism of rural non-point source pollution prevention and control is not perfect. From the level of Wanzhou district level, because of various reasons, the prevention and control of non-point source pollution in rural areas has obvious transport characteristics and systematic mechanism for the prevention and control of non-point source pollution. Not perfect, the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution control system, prevention and control measures, the prevention and control of the source of non-point source pollution mainly based on the district level department documents, lack of whole district, systematic related plan or implementation plan. In summary, this paper is based on reading a large number of documents, according to the experts and scholars' suggestions on prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution. The practical and flexible application of Wanzhou district holds that farmers are an important factor in determining the success or failure of a measure. We must actively guide the farmers to participate in the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution in the case of caring for the interests of the farmers, so that the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution can be promoted in an all-round and effective way. It is suggested that the Wanzhou district should start from the following aspects: first, establish and improve it. The system of prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution should be promulgated as soon as possible, "measures for prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution > < implementation scheme of rural non-point source pollution prevention and control), to establish and perfect the target system for prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution, to supervise and evaluate and reward and punish mechanism, and to urge Chongqing to speed up the relevant laws of the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution at the municipal level and even the national level. Regulations or rules and regulations. Two to strengthen the control of the source of rural non-point source pollutants. Increase the monitoring and supervision of the quality of agricultural products, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films in Wanzhou, strictly prohibit the inflow of high pollution and high emission chemical fertilizer varieties into the market, prohibit the sale and use of highly toxic chemicals, high residues of pesticide, and the promotion of degradable agricultural film. All livestock and poultry breeding and some livestock breeding in restricted areas should be raised to speed up the construction of comprehensive utilization of waste and pollution control facilities for livestock and poultry farms. The mode is to establish the four level garbage disposal mode of "classification of farmers, village community collection, township and township clearing, district disposal". Three to rationally guide the production and living behavior of rural residents. The root of the prevention and control of rural non-point source pollution lies in farmers, strengthening the publicity and education of ecological civilization, strengthening the consciousness of the rule of law for the protection of the ecological environment of the whole people, and strengthening the agricultural students. Production skills and technology training, to farmers to publicize the hazards of rural non-point source pollution and prevention and control measures, guide farmers to rational and scientific use of pesticides and fertilizers. Four to increase the investment in rural non-point source pollution prevention and control. To accelerate the construction of rural residential areas, promote rural residents' residential concentration. To further increase the rural financial investment ratio, promote rural areas, and promote rural areas. The infrastructure, especially the environmental infrastructure development, should be properly added to the financial subsidies for the rural front-line workers. To speed up the construction of the two or three grade pipe network construction and the construction of the village social garbage collection pool, to realize the network household and the 500 meters of the garbage collection pool, five is to improve the environmental monitoring and supervision ability. Standardization construction, improvement of district departments, town and Township street, village community four level environmental supervision network, realizing the full coverage of "grid" management, promoting the standardization construction of Township street environmental protection institutions, realizing the full coverage of special environmental protection institutions and full-time personnel in town and township, strengthening the construction of Township Street environmental monitoring facilities and setting up the water quality soil monitoring station in a reasonable way. Environmental monitoring in rural areas is now being monitored.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶三峽學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X52

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