發(fā)布時間：2018-03-16 06:35

  本文選題：桂東南客家　切入點：大幡醮儀　出處：《廣西師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：煉度儀思想奠基于漢代,完善于魏晉南北朝時期,完整的儀式形成于宋代,并一直流傳至今。遍及我國華北地區(qū)、江南地區(qū)、兩廣、閩臺、港澳,甚至在新加坡、馬來西亞等國家也存在。是一種歷史悠久,影響面廣泛的道教儀式。道教醮儀肇始于漢代,形成于南北朝,唐宋時期發(fā)展完備,盛行于明清,上世紀(jì)中期以前曾廣泛流行于湘、贛、閩、粵、桂、瓊等南方地區(qū)。現(xiàn)存于桂東南客家聚居區(qū)的大幡醮儀是道教清事類科典中規(guī)模最大、耗資最多、延續(xù)時間最長、影響面最廣的一種醮壇法事。其中的煉度儀是大幡醮儀和閭山教法事中極為重要的一種。煉度儀是一種以救拔非正常死亡者(非壽終正寢或病死都是非正常死亡,亦稱“傷死”、“枉死”,后文簡稱“枉死”)之亡魂出離地獄中的枉死城,經(jīng)過水火煉度淘魂鑄魄,過陰煉洗脫生前罪孽,最后超度往生西天的儀式。另有搜捉、召考危害當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣砘?對其進(jìn)行超度的作用。并與施食儀式結(jié)合,使孤魂野鬼得到飽暖,遠(yuǎn)離村鎮(zhèn)。其“陰超陽度”之功能,既為枉死亡魂尋找到理想的永恒歸所,亦安撫了生者,為生者重構(gòu)生活希望。煉度儀中所請赴煉神明之屬性,道公身份,以及各種儀軌和不同儀軌所用法器、法術(shù)、符咒、科儀本、宗教信仰理論等,不僅體現(xiàn)出儒家思想“仁”之內(nèi)涵,還體現(xiàn)出佛教、道教、民間信仰尤其是其中的巫術(shù)等多種宗教信仰內(nèi)容。所以,煉度儀本質(zhì)上雖是道教科儀,但經(jīng)道教閭山派的繼承和發(fā)展,成為了一種以儒家倫理思想為核心,擁有佛教血統(tǒng)——主要是佛教瑜伽派,且保留民間信仰尤其是原始巫術(shù)內(nèi)容的,多種宗教信仰相互融合的宗教儀式。這種多宗教信仰融合的特征并非道教閭山派獨有,而是廣泛存在于中國宗教信仰之中。煉度儀具有“陰超陽度”,安撫民心,教化民眾,樹立群體社會認(rèn)同,發(fā)揚傳承傳統(tǒng)文化,支持道公群體發(fā)展等眾多功能。同時具有現(xiàn)代價值——文化價值、產(chǎn)業(yè)價值、社會價值等多種價值。此二者是這一古老宗教儀式至今傳承不輟之奧秘及其在當(dāng)代社會之意義所在。因此,有必要對其進(jìn)行深入研究,進(jìn)一步提升對其歷史文化價值、宗教價值、社會價值及產(chǎn)業(yè)價值的認(rèn)識,并在此基礎(chǔ)上申請“非遺”,進(jìn)行活化的保護(hù)和適度開發(fā)。使古老的傳統(tǒng)宗教文化煥發(fā)生機(jī)和活力,為新的時代服務(wù)。
[Abstract]:The idea of alchemy was founded on the Han Dynasty and perfected in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties. The complete ceremony was formed in the Song Dynasty and has been spread throughout North China, Jiangnan, Guangdong and Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, and even Singapore. Malaysia and other countries also exist. It is a Taoist ritual with a long history and extensive influence. Taoism ceremony began in the Han Dynasty, formed in the Southern and Northern dynasties, developed well in the Tang and Song dynasties, and prevailed in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Before the middle of 0th century, it was widely popular in Hunan. Gan, Fujian, Guangdong, Gui, Qiong and other southern regions. The Dafa jiao ceremony, which is currently located in the Hakka settlement area in southeastern Guangxi, is the largest, most expensive and long-lasting Taoist ritual of the Qing Dynasty. One of the most widely influenced rituals of the Jiao altar. Among them, the alchemy is one of the most important in the practice of jiao banbani and the teaching method of the mountain. The alchemy is a kind of instrument designed to rescue those who die from abnormal conditions (the abnormal death from death or illness is an abnormal death). Also known as "wounded death", "innocent death" (hereinafter referred to as "innocent death")) the spirit of the dead left the city of pernicious death in hell, through water and fire to spend the soul casting, after Yin to wash away his sin, and finally to pass over the ceremony of passing away in the west sky. The ghost that endangers the local society, carries on the surpassing function to it, and combines with the food giving ceremony, causes the solitary soul wild ghost to get full and warm, far away from the village and town. Its function of "yin superfluous yang", not only seeks the ideal eternal return place for the undeserved dead soul, It also appeases the living and reconstructs the hope of life for the living. In the alchemy, the attributes of the gods, the public status of the Tao, and the instruments, spells, spells, charms, Kejimen, religious belief theories, etc., used in various rituals and different rituals, are also appeased. It not only embodies the connotation of "benevolence" in Confucianism, but also embodies the contents of various religious beliefs, such as Buddhism, Taoism, folk beliefs, especially witchcraft, and so on. However, the inheritance and development of the Taoist School of Lushan became a kind of Confucian ethics with Buddhist lineage-mainly Buddhist Yoga, and preserved folk beliefs, especially the original witchcraft. A religious ceremony in which many religions and beliefs converge. The characteristics of this kind of multireligious belief fusion are not unique to Taoist sects, but widely exist in Chinese religious beliefs. The alchemy has a "yin-over-yang degree" to appease and educate the people. Set up the social identity of the group, carry forward the traditional culture, support the development of the public group, etc. At the same time, it has modern value-cultural value, industrial value, etc. Social value and other values. These two are the mystery of this ancient religious ceremony and its significance in contemporary society. Therefore, it is necessary to study it in depth to further enhance its historical and cultural value. On the basis of the understanding of religious value, social value and industrial value, the author applies for "non-legacy" to protect and develop properly, so as to make the ancient traditional religious culture enlivened with vigor and vitality and serve the new era.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B933

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