《理想國(guó)》中的正義理論研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-05-08 09:08
【摘要】：柏拉圖生于雅典城邦戰(zhàn)亂之時(shí)。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)激化了希臘的各種內(nèi)在矛盾,使它在以后半個(gè)多世紀(jì)中,處于社會(huì)兩極分化以及不斷的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之中,呈現(xiàn)出一派亂世景象。特定的社會(huì)環(huán)境、城邦制度的危機(jī)加之老師蘇格拉底的影響,決定了柏拉圖有著深刻的現(xiàn)實(shí)關(guān)懷。他對(duì)希臘古典文明進(jìn)行了深刻回顧與批判,并思考如何從根本上改革整個(gè)希臘城邦制度。 正義理論是柏拉圖理論體系的核心。本文的研究對(duì)象也即是柏拉圖《理想國(guó)》中的正義理論。本文主要從三個(gè)方面展開論述。 一、正義理論淵源及嬗變。正義源于希臘神話。由于正義不僅關(guān)乎個(gè)人美德的實(shí)現(xiàn),而且關(guān)乎國(guó)家秩序的井然,因此,古希臘政治哲學(xué)自產(chǎn)生之日起就非常關(guān)心正義問題,并從不同側(cè)面提出了包括自然正義觀在內(nèi)的有關(guān)正義觀點(diǎn)。在柏拉圖看來,這些正義觀雖然各有所長(zhǎng),但都有所缺失�；诖�,他批駁了“欠債還債”的正義觀、“強(qiáng)者的利益”的正義觀,以及“最好與最壞的折中”的正義觀,并在《理想國(guó)》中建構(gòu)了自已的正義理論體系。正義理論是柏拉圖理論體系的核心�！独硐雵�(guó)》中,柏拉圖所致力追求的就是正義；而在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中,柏拉圖所努力憧憬實(shí)現(xiàn)的就是正義的國(guó)家。 二、柏拉圖正義理論的構(gòu)建方式。柏拉圖的正義理論主要體現(xiàn)在個(gè)人正義、國(guó)家正義以及個(gè)人正義與國(guó)家正義的關(guān)系三個(gè)層面上。其中個(gè)人正義所指的是人的靈魂各個(gè)組成部分之間和諧共處的關(guān)系。而靈魂由理性、激情和欲望三個(gè)部分組成。與構(gòu)成靈魂的三個(gè)部分相對(duì)應(yīng),靈魂還具有四種美德,即智慧、勇敢、節(jié)制與正義。個(gè)人正義的實(shí)現(xiàn),需要擺脫不當(dāng)欲望的糾纏。當(dāng)理性在靈魂中處于主導(dǎo)地位,激情輔助理性控制欲望,而欲望能夠節(jié)制時(shí),就實(shí)現(xiàn)了個(gè)人正義。國(guó)家正義的實(shí)現(xiàn)則有賴于國(guó)家中的三個(gè)階層,生產(chǎn)者、護(hù)衛(wèi)者和統(tǒng)治者正確分工、恪守其職、互不僭越。個(gè)人正義與國(guó)家正義之間又存在著相互對(duì)應(yīng)、互為前提的關(guān)系。離開國(guó)家正義,個(gè)人正義無從談起。離開個(gè)人正義,國(guó)家正義也不復(fù)存在。 三、對(duì)柏拉圖正義理論的評(píng)價(jià)及其現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。正義理論作為柏拉圖思想體系中的核心理論,對(duì)西方正義思想產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。研究者對(duì)于柏拉圖的正義理論的態(tài)度,基本可分為贊成與批評(píng)兩類。其中,施特勞斯可視作柏拉圖正義理論贊成者的代表,而波普爾則可視作柏拉圖正義理論反對(duì)者的代表。不管評(píng)價(jià)者們的觀點(diǎn)是贊成還是反對(duì),柏拉圖正義理論的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義都不可忽視,這主要表現(xiàn)為對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)人格美的意義與對(duì)于構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)的意義。對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)人格美而言,深刻認(rèn)識(shí)柏拉圖的正義理論,有利于人們正確協(xié)調(diào)理性、激情和欲望三者之間的關(guān)系。對(duì)于構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)而言,正義是構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì)必不可少的因素。
[Abstract]:Plato was born during the war in Athens. The war intensified all kinds of internal contradictions in Greece, and made it in the social polarization and continuous war for more than half a century, showing a scene of chaos. The specific social environment, the crisis of the city-state system and the influence of Socrates, the teacher, decided Plato's profound concern for reality. He reviewed and criticized the Greek classical civilization deeply, and thought about how to fundamentally reform the whole Greek city-state system. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. The object of this paper is Plato's theory of justice in the Republic. This paper mainly discusses from three aspects. First, the origin and evolution of justice theory. Justice derives from Greek mythology. Because justice is not only about the realization of individual virtues, but also about the well-being of national order, the political philosophy of ancient Greece has been very concerned about the issue of justice since its inception. And put forward from different aspects, including the view of natural justice, such as the point of view of justice. In Plato's view, although these views of justice have their own strengths, they are all missing. Based on this, he refutes the concept of justice of "debt repayment", the view of justice of "the interests of the strong", and the view of justice of "the best compromise between the best and the worst", and constructs his own theoretical system of justice in the Republic. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. In the Republic, what Plato pursues is justice, and in the real world, what Plato strives to achieve is the state of justice. Second, the construction of Plato's theory of justice. Plato's theory of justice is mainly embodied in three aspects: individual justice, national justice and the relationship between individual justice and national justice. Personal justice refers to the harmonious coexistence between the various components of the human soul. The soul consists of three parts: reason, passion and desire. Corresponding to the three parts of soul, soul also has four virtues, namely wisdom, bravery, temperance and justice. The realization of individual justice needs to get rid of the entanglement of improper desire. When reason is in the leading position in the soul, passion helps reason to control desire, and desire can be controlled, individual justice is realized. The realization of national justice depends on the correct division of labor among the three classes, producers, guardians and rulers, abiding by their duties. There is a relationship between individual justice and national justice, which is the premise of each other. Without national justice, personal justice is impossible to speak of. Without individual justice, national justice no longer exists. Third, the evaluation of Plato's theory of justice and its practical significance. As the core theory of Plato's thought system, the theory of justice has a great influence on the western thought of justice. The researchers' attitude towards Plato's theory of justice can be divided into two categories: approval and criticism. Strauss can be regarded as the representative of the proponents of Plato's justice theory, while Popper can be regarded as the representative of the opponents of Plato's justice theory. The practical significance of Plato's theory of justice can not be ignored regardless of whether the evaluators' views are in favor or disapproval, which is mainly reflected in the significance for the realization of the beauty of personality and for the construction of a harmonious society. For the realization of personality beauty, a deep understanding of Plato's theory of justice is conducive to the correct coordination of the relationship among reason, passion and desire. For the construction of a harmonious society, justice is an essential factor in the construction of a harmonious society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D09
本文編號(hào)：2471787
[Abstract]:Plato was born during the war in Athens. The war intensified all kinds of internal contradictions in Greece, and made it in the social polarization and continuous war for more than half a century, showing a scene of chaos. The specific social environment, the crisis of the city-state system and the influence of Socrates, the teacher, decided Plato's profound concern for reality. He reviewed and criticized the Greek classical civilization deeply, and thought about how to fundamentally reform the whole Greek city-state system. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. The object of this paper is Plato's theory of justice in the Republic. This paper mainly discusses from three aspects. First, the origin and evolution of justice theory. Justice derives from Greek mythology. Because justice is not only about the realization of individual virtues, but also about the well-being of national order, the political philosophy of ancient Greece has been very concerned about the issue of justice since its inception. And put forward from different aspects, including the view of natural justice, such as the point of view of justice. In Plato's view, although these views of justice have their own strengths, they are all missing. Based on this, he refutes the concept of justice of "debt repayment", the view of justice of "the interests of the strong", and the view of justice of "the best compromise between the best and the worst", and constructs his own theoretical system of justice in the Republic. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. In the Republic, what Plato pursues is justice, and in the real world, what Plato strives to achieve is the state of justice. Second, the construction of Plato's theory of justice. Plato's theory of justice is mainly embodied in three aspects: individual justice, national justice and the relationship between individual justice and national justice. Personal justice refers to the harmonious coexistence between the various components of the human soul. The soul consists of three parts: reason, passion and desire. Corresponding to the three parts of soul, soul also has four virtues, namely wisdom, bravery, temperance and justice. The realization of individual justice needs to get rid of the entanglement of improper desire. When reason is in the leading position in the soul, passion helps reason to control desire, and desire can be controlled, individual justice is realized. The realization of national justice depends on the correct division of labor among the three classes, producers, guardians and rulers, abiding by their duties. There is a relationship between individual justice and national justice, which is the premise of each other. Without national justice, personal justice is impossible to speak of. Without individual justice, national justice no longer exists. Third, the evaluation of Plato's theory of justice and its practical significance. As the core theory of Plato's thought system, the theory of justice has a great influence on the western thought of justice. The researchers' attitude towards Plato's theory of justice can be divided into two categories: approval and criticism. Strauss can be regarded as the representative of the proponents of Plato's justice theory, while Popper can be regarded as the representative of the opponents of Plato's justice theory. The practical significance of Plato's theory of justice can not be ignored regardless of whether the evaluators' views are in favor or disapproval, which is mainly reflected in the significance for the realization of the beauty of personality and for the construction of a harmonious society. For the realization of personality beauty, a deep understanding of Plato's theory of justice is conducive to the correct coordination of the relationship among reason, passion and desire. For the construction of a harmonious society, justice is an essential factor in the construction of a harmonious society.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D09
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 李君;當(dāng)代大學(xué)生正義觀教育研究[D];重慶師范大學(xué);2013年
，本文編號(hào)：2471787
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