【摘要】：政治哲學(xué)是任何哲學(xué)的目標(biāo)所指,自然狀態(tài)理論是政治哲學(xué)研究的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。約翰·洛克的自然狀態(tài)理論對(duì)現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)的影響舉足輕重。無(wú)“自然狀態(tài)”之構(gòu)想,則無(wú)人類(lèi)“本真自由”之實(shí)現(xiàn);無(wú)“自然狀態(tài)”之設(shè)計(jì),則無(wú)“國(guó)家狀態(tài)”之成立;無(wú)“自然法”之昭示,則無(wú)“成文法”之頒布;無(wú)“財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)”之保障,則無(wú)“生存權(quán)”之基礎(chǔ)�；诼蹇恕白匀粻顟B(tài)”如此之重要,本文以馬克思主義的立場(chǎng)、觀(guān)點(diǎn)和方法研究“自然狀態(tài)”的哲學(xué)淵源、理論內(nèi)容和理論影響。 “自然狀態(tài)”作為“古典契約論”的邏輯假設(shè),以經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義認(rèn)識(shí)論作為哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ),把人類(lèi)帶入歷史上曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)“自然狀態(tài)”的情景,并以理性法作為“自然狀態(tài)”的道德規(guī)定;哲學(xué)和政治并不是孤立的,只有用哲學(xué)的視角來(lái)理解政治,才能真正理解“自然狀態(tài)”并設(shè)計(jì)出屬人的“國(guó)家狀態(tài)”;洛克繼承了霍布斯自然狀態(tài),但他的“自然狀態(tài)”明顯區(qū)別于霍布斯的是自然狀態(tài)中人和人關(guān)系理論。 “自然狀態(tài)”作為“人類(lèi)自由”的寓所歸宿,其本質(zhì)是人具有天生不可剝奪的權(quán)利;自然法在自然狀態(tài)中指引一個(gè)自由而有智慧的人去追求他的正當(dāng)利益并不妨礙他人行使權(quán)利;財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)是人類(lèi)生存的保障,人類(lèi)以自己辛勤的勞動(dòng)得到一切正當(dāng)屬于他生命組成部分的一切,洛克在此基礎(chǔ)上建立了“勞動(dòng)價(jià)值論”;政治本身得不到合理性,必須跳出政治來(lái)解釋政治,“自然狀態(tài)”的道德規(guī)定是成立“國(guó)家狀態(tài)”的法律準(zhǔn)則,一個(gè)善的國(guó)家必須先在道德上得到合理的證明才能在成立后保護(hù)個(gè)人的人權(quán)。 “自然狀態(tài)”作為“經(jīng)濟(jì)”的發(fā)展目標(biāo)、“政治”的執(zhí)政基礎(chǔ),要求“勞動(dòng)和財(cái)產(chǎn)”運(yùn)行的微觀(guān)環(huán)境和“政治制度”運(yùn)行的宏觀(guān)環(huán)境要相輔相成。當(dāng)代政治哲學(xué)家諾齊克深受洛克自然狀態(tài)理論的影響,以“自然狀態(tài)”為出發(fā)點(diǎn),描述管事最少的“最小國(guó)家”是人類(lèi)“勞動(dòng)和財(cái)產(chǎn)”等利益侵犯最少的國(guó)家。馬克思主義的政治正義——“自由人的聯(lián)合”是根據(jù)“自由勞動(dòng)”和“財(cái)產(chǎn)占有”兩個(gè)屬人的存在方式而設(shè)計(jì)的,在這個(gè)集體中實(shí)現(xiàn)了屬人的人類(lèi)的本真自由。
[Abstract]:Political philosophy is the goal of any philosophy, and natural state theory is the starting point of political philosophy research. John Locke's theory of natural state plays an important role in modern political philosophy. If there is no conception of "natural state", there will be no realization of "true freedom" of human beings; if there is no design of "natural state", there will be no establishment of "state of state"; if there is no indication of "natural law", there will be no promulgation of "statute law"; Without the protection of property right, there is no basis for the right to existence. Based on the importance of Locke's "natural state", this paper studies the philosophical origin, theoretical content and theoretical influence of "natural state" from the standpoint, viewpoint and method of Marxism. As a logical hypothesis of "classical contract theory" and based on empiricism epistemology, "natural state" brings human beings to the scene of "natural state" in history. And take the rational law as the moral stipulation of "natural state"; Philosophy and politics are not isolated. Only by understanding politics from the perspective of philosophy, can we truly understand the "state of nature" and design the "state of state" of human beings. Locke inherited Hobbes' natural state, but his "natural state" is obviously different from Hobbes' theory of the relationship between man and man. As the home of "human freedom", the essence of "natural state" is that man has the inherent inalienable right. The law of nature, in its natural state, guides a free and wise man to pursue his legitimate interests without hindering the exercise of rights by others; Property right is the guarantee of human existence. Human beings get everything that belongs to his life by their hard work. Locke established the theory of labor value on the basis of it. Politics itself is not reasonable, we must go out of politics to explain politics, the moral provisions of "natural state" is the legal norm of establishing "state of state". A good country must be morally justified before it can protect the human rights of individuals. As the development goal of "economy" and the ruling foundation of "politics", "natural state" requires the micro environment of "labor and property" and the macro environment of "political system" to complement each other. Influenced by Locke's theory of natural state, Nozick, a contemporary political philosopher, describes that the "smallest state", which is the least in charge, is the one with the least encroachment on human interests such as "labor and property". Marxist political justice, "the union of free man", is designed according to the two forms of existence of "free labor" and "possession of property", and realizes the true freedom of human being in this collective.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D09

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