本文選題：密爾 + 個(gè)性�。� 參考：《中國(guó)政法大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：在西方自由主義思想的發(fā)展史上,密爾可以算得上是一個(gè)里程碑式的人物,他繼承了古典自由主義的基本立場(chǎng),始終把個(gè)人自由做為其自由主義思想的核心內(nèi)容,對(duì)個(gè)人自由的維護(hù)是他自由主義的基礎(chǔ),他將古典自由主義的思想發(fā)展到了巔峰,堪稱是古典自由主義的集大成者,在此基礎(chǔ)上,他也是自由主義發(fā)展史上第一個(gè)在政治自由之外的角度來審視個(gè)人自由,關(guān)注社會(huì)集體對(duì)個(gè)人自由侵犯的思想家。密爾的時(shí)代,人們已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)離了追求政治自由的古典自由主義時(shí)期,開始轉(zhuǎn)向反抗集體壓迫,追求個(gè)人自由的時(shí)期。密爾看來,個(gè)性遭受的壓迫和威脅并不僅僅來自于政府的專制和壓迫,同時(shí)也來自于社會(huì)集體對(duì)于整齊統(tǒng)一的渴求和對(duì)于多元的抵制,個(gè)人的個(gè)性自由受到壓制。密爾敏銳地認(rèn)識(shí)到民主時(shí)代所帶來的大眾對(duì)于少數(shù)人的壓迫,也就是所謂“多數(shù)人的暴虐”,多數(shù)的暴虐對(duì)個(gè)性的壓抑比專制的統(tǒng)治更為可怖,而人們似乎意識(shí)不到這些侵害。他也意識(shí)到關(guān)注政治權(quán)利訴求的古典自由主義已經(jīng)不能滿足新的形勢(shì)下個(gè)人對(duì)于個(gè)人自由的訴求與渴望,因此,密爾在繼承古典自由主義政治思想的基礎(chǔ)之上,提出了社會(huì)自由的觀點(diǎn)。 密爾是首次提出個(gè)人的社會(huì)自由政治思想的自由主義者,他從社會(huì)和個(gè)人的關(guān)系角度重新架構(gòu)自由的基本理念,使自由主義思想的研究有了更廣闊的視野。密爾闡述了社會(huì)自由,劃分了社會(huì)干預(yù)和個(gè)人自由的界限,他主張社會(huì)的權(quán)力是有邊界的,目的是為了保護(hù)個(gè)人自由使人的個(gè)性具有多樣性,這彌補(bǔ)了自洛克以來古典自由主義只探討政治自由的局陷,使得自由主義首次推向社會(huì)自由的階段。密爾探討個(gè)人與社會(huì)之間的張力,他主張應(yīng)有寬容大度的公眾輿論,允許不同觀點(diǎn)的存在,主張放松對(duì)于異端的限制,并積極鼓勵(lì)新的觀點(diǎn)的提出。 與此同時(shí),密爾在繼承邊沁功利主義的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)其思想有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展和修正,在修正后的功利主義基礎(chǔ)之上,他把功利主義和自由主義成功地融合在一起,不再把快樂視為唯一所追求的目標(biāo),而是把“幸福”的觀念融合到其個(gè)人自由的思想之中,從功利的角度重新考察自由的觀念,使自由思想有了更加現(xiàn)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。密爾的自由主義思想對(duì)于近代以來個(gè)人自由的發(fā)展意義非凡,同時(shí)也對(duì)歐洲個(gè)性的解放有著強(qiáng)烈的理論指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:In the history of the development of western liberalism, Mill can be regarded as a milestone figure. He inherited the basic position of classical liberalism and always regarded individual freedom as the core content of his liberalism thought. The protection of individual freedom is the foundation of his liberalism. He developed the thought of classical liberalism to the peak, which is called the epitome of classical liberalism, and on this basis, He was also the first thinker in the history of liberalism to examine individual freedom from the perspective of political freedom and to pay attention to the social collective invasion of individual freedom. In Mill's time, people moved away from the period of classical liberalism in pursuit of political freedom, and began to turn to the period of resisting collective oppression and pursuing individual freedom. According to Mill, the oppression and threat to personality comes not only from the tyranny and oppression of government, but also from the collective desire for unity and resistance to pluralism, and the suppression of individual personality freedom. Mill is acutely aware of the popular oppression of the few brought about by the democratic era, the so-called "tyranny of the majority", which oppresses personality more horribly than autocratic rule, and people seem unaware of these abuses. He also realized that classical liberalism, which focused on political rights, could no longer satisfy the individual's demands and aspirations for personal freedom in the new situation. Therefore, Mill inherited the political thought of classical liberalism, Put forward the viewpoint of social freedom. Mill is the first libertarian who put forward the political thought of individual's social freedom. He reconstructs the basic idea of freedom from the angle of the relationship between society and individual, which makes the study of liberalism have a broader field of vision. Mill describes social freedom, divides social intervention from individual freedom, and argues that social powers have boundaries, in order to protect individual freedoms in order to give diversity to one's personality, This makes up for the fact that classical liberalism has only explored political freedom since Locke, which makes liberalism advance to the stage of social freedom for the first time. Mill discusses the tension between the individual and the society. He advocates that there should be tolerant public opinion, allow the existence of different views, that the restrictions on heresy should be relaxed, and actively encourage new ideas. At the same time, on the basis of inheriting Bentham's utilitarianism, Mill has further developed and revised his thought. On the basis of the revised utilitarianism, he has successfully merged utilitarianism with liberalism. Happiness is no longer regarded as the only goal pursued, but the concept of "happiness" is merged into his personal freedom, and the concept of freedom is re-examined from a utilitarian point of view, so that it has a more realistic foundation. Mill's liberalism thought is of great significance to the development of individual freedom since modern times, but also to the liberation of European personality.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：D09

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前5條

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