發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-13 06:41

  本文選題：張灝 + 人性論��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近代以降,西方列強(qiáng)武力叩關(guān),盲目自大而又腐朽無能的清政府不斷喪權(quán)辱國、割地賠款,中國逐步走向亡國滅種的民族危機(jī)。伴隨民族危機(jī)而來的,還有西方近代文明的發(fā)展成果。這其中既包括洋槍洋炮等物質(zhì)成果,也包括民主、自由等文化成果,而且后者的影響更為深遠(yuǎn),"西學(xué)東漸"的大幕由此拉開。面對(duì)"三千年未有之大變局",滿清開明士紳率先"睜眼看世界",邁出了向西方學(xué)習(xí)的第一步。先后以"自強(qiáng)"、"求富"為目的的洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)開始了。然而,被視為洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)標(biāo)志性成果、號(hào)稱"亞洲第一"的北洋水師在1894年的中日甲午海戰(zhàn)中幾乎全軍覆沒,洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)宣告失敗。中國人向西方學(xué)習(xí)的進(jìn)程沒有中斷,開始從"器物"轉(zhuǎn)向"制度",但是依靠一個(gè)無實(shí)權(quán)的皇帝進(jìn)行的"戊戌變法"最終以"戊戌六君子"喋血街頭宣告失敗。面對(duì)深刻的民族危機(jī),仁人志士們沒有停止對(duì)民族獨(dú)立、國家富強(qiáng)道路的探索,學(xué)習(xí)的方向轉(zhuǎn)向西方的文化。于是,以"民主"和"科學(xué)"為旗幟的"新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)"開始了。這一運(yùn)動(dòng)促進(jìn)了中國人的思想解放,對(duì)中國傳統(tǒng)文化、尤其是維護(hù)專制統(tǒng)治的正統(tǒng)思想儒家文化造成了巨大的沖擊,促進(jìn)了近代中國人的思想啟蒙。但是在那個(gè)救亡圖存壓倒一切的時(shí)代,大多數(shù)新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的推動(dòng)者都有些激進(jìn),對(duì)東西方文化持有絕對(duì)肯定或絕對(duì)否定的態(tài)度,"全盤西化論"應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。在對(duì)"民主"、"科學(xué)"的狂熱崇拜中,新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)中的中的中國的知識(shí)分子們也開始思考這樣一個(gè)問題:中國傳統(tǒng)為何沒有開出民主?歷經(jīng)變革、學(xué)兼中西,深懷家國情懷的華裔政治思想史學(xué)者張灝,對(duì)這個(gè)問題進(jìn)行了深入且卓有成效的思考。他提出了"幽暗意識(shí)",并由此出發(fā)提出"幽暗意識(shí)"未能充分發(fā)揮是中國傳統(tǒng)之所以開不出民主的一個(gè)思想癥結(jié)。其實(shí),"幽暗意識(shí)"就是張灝對(duì)人性的一種深入認(rèn)識(shí),他由此從出發(fā)正面回應(yīng)了中國傳統(tǒng)開不出民主政治的原因,為我們對(duì)這一問題探索提供了一個(gè)嶄新的視角。張灝所謂的"幽暗意識(shí)",究其實(shí)質(zhì)就是他對(duì)人性的認(rèn)識(shí)、也是一種人性論,他從此出發(fā)對(duì)政治民主化進(jìn)行建構(gòu)。"幽暗意識(shí)"是對(duì)諸多傳統(tǒng)"人性論"進(jìn)行深入思考、結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)觀察和中西文化對(duì)比后的產(chǎn)物。筆者認(rèn)為"幽暗意識(shí)"是張灝對(duì)"人性論"發(fā)展的建設(shè)性貢獻(xiàn),但是,以"幽暗意識(shí)的發(fā)揮不足"為由解釋為何中國傳統(tǒng)開不出民主,則缺乏足夠的說服力。筆者對(duì)古代民主起源地古希臘雅典和現(xiàn)代民主的起源地英國的民主政治動(dòng)因進(jìn)行了研究,也對(duì)現(xiàn)當(dāng)代國家政治民主化理論進(jìn)行了梳理,發(fā)現(xiàn)無論古代民主還是現(xiàn)代民主,其產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)因中都沒有所謂的"幽暗意識(shí)",甚至后來實(shí)現(xiàn)政治民主化的國家,其動(dòng)因中也都沒有明顯的"幽暗意識(shí)"。更為重要的是,"幽暗意識(shí)"缺乏現(xiàn)代科學(xué)性的意涵,脫離現(xiàn)代社會(huì)科學(xué)的發(fā)展。從人性論直達(dá)政治設(shè)計(jì)的線性邏輯推演與現(xiàn)代國家、社會(huì)二分的觀念相悖,傳統(tǒng)中道德理想國的建構(gòu)初衷可能是好的,但在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)里政治和道德早就已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了分離,道德和理想國之間并不構(gòu)成邏輯上的必然達(dá)至。從傳統(tǒng)政治理念出發(fā)是難以抵達(dá)現(xiàn)代民主政治彼岸的,以"幽暗意識(shí)發(fā)揮不足"來解釋中國傳統(tǒng)開不出民主也必然缺乏說服力。筆者認(rèn)為這才是"幽暗意識(shí)"不彰、沒有得到學(xué)者們廣泛、積極回應(yīng)的根本原因。由此證明"幽暗意識(shí)"和政治民主化之間沒有必然聯(lián)系。
[Abstract]:In modern times, the Western imperialist powers were knocked off the customs, the blind self arrogance and the decadent and incapable of the Qing government continued to lose power, cut the ground and lose money, and gradually move towards the national crisis of national subjugation and extinction. With the national crisis, there were the development results of modern Western civilization. In the face of the "three thousand years of unprecedented change", the Ming gentry took the lead in "looking at the world" and took the first step in learning from the West. The Westernization Movement, which was "self strengthening" and "seeking wealth", was regarded as a symbol of the Westernization Movement. As a result, the northern ocean water division, known as "the first Asian", was almost completely defeated in the Sino Japanese War of Sino Japanese naval warfare in 1894, and the Westernization Movement failed. The process of learning from the West was not interrupted and began to turn from "utensils" to "system", but the "reform movement of 1898", which was based on an unreal emperor, was finally declared on the streets of "the Six Gentlemen of 1898". In the face of a profound national crisis, people of lofty ideals did not stop the exploration of national independence, the path of national prosperity, and the direction of learning to the western culture. Therefore, the "new cultural movement" with the banner of "democracy" and "science" was the beginning. This movement promoted the ideological emancipation of the Chinese people and the traditional Chinese culture, especially the maintenance of the special culture. The Confucian culture of the orthodox thought of the rule of rule has caused great impact and promoted the ideological enlightenment of modern Chinese people. However, in the times where the salvation of the nation was overwhelmed, most of the promoters of the new cultural movement were radical, with the absolute affirmation or absolute negation of the culture of the East and the west, and the "whole Westernization theory" came into being. In the fanatical worship of "democracy" and "science", the Chinese intellectuals in the new cultural movement have also begun to think about such a question: why does the Chinese tradition have not drawn out democracy? The Chinese American political thought history scholar Zhang Hao, who has gone through the reform, and has learned both Chinese and western, and deeply cherish the family's feelings, has carried on deep and fruitful thinking to this question. In fact, the "dark consciousness" is a deep understanding of Zhang Hao's understanding of human nature. From the point of view, he responded to the reason why Chinese tradition could not produce democracy. The question exploration provides a new perspective. The essence of Zhang Hao's so-called "dark consciousness" is the essence of his understanding of human nature and a theory of human nature. From then on, he set out on the construction of political democratization. "Dark consciousness" is a thorough examination of many traditional "human theory", and the result of the combination of realistic observation and the contrast of Chinese and Western culture. It is believed that the "dark consciousness" is a constructive contribution to the development of the theory of human nature. However, the reason why the Chinese tradition can not produce democracy is not convincing enough. The author has studied the democratic political motivation of the ancient Greek Athens and the origin of modern democracy in the origin of the ancient democracy. The present and contemporary theory of national political democratization has been combed. It is found that both ancient democracy and modern democracy have no so-called "dark consciousness", and even the country that later realized political democratization has no obvious "dark consciousness" in the cause of its political democratization. More importantly, the "dark consciousness" lacks modern scientific nature. The meaning of it is divorced from the development of modern social science. The linear logic deduction from the theory of human nature to the political design is contrary to the two points of modern state and society. The original intention of the construction of the traditional moral ideal country may be good, but in the modern society the politics and morality have already been separated, and the morality and the ideal country do not constitute a logic. It is inevitable that it is difficult to reach the other side of modern democracy from the traditional political idea. To explain the lack of persuasiveness in Chinese tradition, the author thinks this is the fundamental reason why the "dark consciousness" is ineffective and the scholars have not received extensive and positive responses. There is no necessary link between consciousness and political democratization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：D092

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本文編號(hào)：2013093