本文選題：霍布斯　切入點(diǎn)：自然狀態(tài)　出處：《復(fù)旦大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：始于霍布斯的社會契約理論塑造了近現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)的方向,這一傳統(tǒng)的核心是關(guān)于國家起源的理論,其內(nèi)核及本質(zhì)特征已經(jīng)在霍布斯這里得以奠定�！独S坦》即是一部關(guān)于國家論的專著,霍布斯在這里構(gòu)建了一種新型的(不同于傳統(tǒng)政治哲學(xué))國家理論。這種理論認(rèn)為在國家產(chǎn)生之前存在一種“非政治”的狀態(tài)——自然狀態(tài),在自然狀態(tài)中存在的是平等、自由的個體,在獨(dú)立的個體之間不存在天然的統(tǒng)治權(quán)威。由于平等個體所擁有的自然權(quán)利是一種按照自己的理性和判斷所認(rèn)為的最合適的手段去做任何事情的自由,由此而來的私己判斷便不可避免地會產(chǎn)生混亂——戰(zhàn)爭狀態(tài)。要擺脫這一困境就必須將個體的自由(權(quán)利)授權(quán)給一個人或多人組成的集體,以便形成一種公共權(quán)力使它確立一種關(guān)于是與非、正義與非正義的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),這一過程是通過契約實(shí)現(xiàn)的,同時也是由多種相互沖突的意志轉(zhuǎn)化成一個意志的過程。統(tǒng)一在一個人格中的一群人就是國家,承當(dāng)這一人格的人就是主權(quán)者,在霍布斯這里,絕對主權(quán)者是以“利維坦”的形象出現(xiàn)的。這樣一來,政治統(tǒng)治的正當(dāng)性基礎(chǔ)就從外在的客觀基礎(chǔ)(符合某種規(guī)范性)轉(zhuǎn)化成內(nèi)在的主觀基礎(chǔ)(基于個體的同意),這一轉(zhuǎn)化的原因即在于霍布斯所由以出發(fā)的基礎(chǔ)是平等、獨(dú)立的個體,這一基礎(chǔ)既是追溯宗教權(quán)力與世俗權(quán)力之爭的出發(fā)點(diǎn),同時也是對歷史進(jìn)程的反映——市場社會的出現(xiàn)。平等、獨(dú)立個體的出現(xiàn)決定了近現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)所要解決的就是個人與國家(兩極)的關(guān)系問題,只要我們堅持這樣一個前提即認(rèn)為國家是在個體同意的基礎(chǔ)上建立的,就必然會得出個人優(yōu)先于國家的結(jié)論,也就無法回應(yīng)自由主義對國家的詰難。
[Abstract]:In Hobbes's social contract theory shaped the modern political philosophy direction, the traditional core is about the origin of the state theory, the essence and kernel characteristics have been laid here in Hobbes. That's a leviathan > state theory monographs, here Hobbes established a new (different from the traditional the National Political Philosophy) theory. This theory holds that the existence of a "non political" state of natural state in the country before, exists in the state of nature is equality, freedom of the individual, the natural authority does not exist between individuals. The individual has equal natural rights is a kind of thought according to their own rational judgment and the most appropriate means to do anything for free, the private judgment will inevitably lead to confusion, to put a state of war. And this dilemma must be individual freedom (right) to authorize one or more members of the group, in order to form a kind of public power to make it to establish a kind of right and wrong, justice and injustice, this process is realized through the contract, but also by many conflicting wills into a will process. A group of people in a unified personality is a country, carryeth this person is sovereign, here in Hobbes, the absolute sovereign is in "Leviathan" image. As a result, the political rule of the legitimacy foundation from the objective foundation of the external (with a certain standard) into subjective inner (based on the consent of the individual) reasons for this transformation, which is based on Hobbes from the start is equal, independent of the individual, this is the basis of religious and secular power power back The starting point of dispute, but also on the historical process of the reflection of market society. Equality, independent individual determines the modern political philosophy is to solve the individual and the state (poles) of the relations, as long as we insist on the premise that the country is based on the individual agreed on that will draw individual countries prior to the conclusion, it cannot respond to criticism of liberalism to the country.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：D0

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本文編號：1634646