本文選題：執(zhí)行權　切入點：共和　出處：《南京大學》2011年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：現(xiàn)代意義上的執(zhí)行權產(chǎn)生于中世紀的歐洲有其深刻的社會歷史背景,主要得益于兩個相互建構的因素：其一,是現(xiàn)代意義上個體的出現(xiàn)；其二,是現(xiàn)代意義上國家的生成�，F(xiàn)代意義上個體的不斷成長受益于中世紀西歐獨特的“兩棲性質”的社會結構,這種特殊的社會結構使得封建主義和資本主義兩種完全不同性質的因素不但能夠共存,還能積極共生；資本主義因素的不斷發(fā)展也按照其自身的秉性塑造著個體。而中世紀歐洲強大的教會力量使其具有了國際性質,而作為教會中堅力量的教士階層得以在整個教會勢力范圍內傳播其思想,專心其學術；并完成了個體秩序的合理證明。這一切促進了個體的覺醒,并使之逐步具有理性化、世俗化的傾向,終而引發(fā)了個體權利意識的萌生；與此同時,中世紀后半期的歐洲,尤其是歐洲大陸,頻繁的戰(zhàn)爭催生了強大國家的出現(xiàn),君主逐步掌握了強大的權力,壟斷了暴力資源和財稅資源,產(chǎn)生了近代意義上真正的民族國家。這兩個因素互相建構,一方面具有權利意識、理性稟賦的個體在尋求著強大君王的保護,另一方面是明智的君主也意識到只有強大且集中的執(zhí)行權才能使國家富強并免于外邦的侵犯。這一切最終催生了現(xiàn)代意義上的執(zhí)行權。強大執(zhí)行權最早出現(xiàn)在中世紀歐洲的法國、西班牙、德國,卻被身處四分五裂的意大利的馬基雅維利所發(fā)現(xiàn)；他堅定的認為,一個強大執(zhí)行官的出現(xiàn)是一種大勢所趨,因為只有它才能帶來秩序和穩(wěn)定,而一個強大的執(zhí)行官也在他一番“德性中立化”的改造后呼之欲出。 只有保障執(zhí)行權的有效性,借助于強大的執(zhí)行官,社會才能歸于秩序。似乎這是無可避免的“浮士德交易”�；舨妓箤⒐诺渥匀环ɡ碚撝姓軐W的、抽象的自然概念搬到了具體的個人身上,并認為自我保全的動機乃人的第一天性；而人性又是自私的,所以人和人之間不可避免的陷入“狼和狼一樣的戰(zhàn)爭”之中。為了避免這種境況,作為一個強大主權者出現(xiàn)的執(zhí)行官不但是一種必須,而且應當固定為一個官職,執(zhí)行權具有了職位化的傾向;由此,霍布斯彌合了政治和道德的緊張,使執(zhí)行權在獲得有效性的同時,變得讓人可以接受。然而,這也意味著自始至終都存在的一個危險,即強大的執(zhí)行權一旦偏離公共性,整個社會同樣會墮入萬劫不復的深淵,當柔弱的個體置身于一個強大的利維坦面前時就顯得毫無招架之力。執(zhí)行權的有效性和公共性似乎很難兩全,換句話說,如何在執(zhí)行權獲得有效性的同時不失卻其公共性成了困擾人們的一個問題。 在這個問題上,共和思想給予了有益的啟示。共和思想以公共性為依歸,并希冀通過防范公權私用的消極防御路線和培育好公民的積極作為方式來保證權力公共性的實現(xiàn)。然而,在如何才能保證執(zhí)行權始終以公共性為依歸的問題上,眾多思想家傾向于采取消極的防御路線,但具體的“馴化方式”各有千秋。洛克試圖將最終權力保留給人民,將執(zhí)行權、立法權分立制衡,而且無論立法權還是執(zhí)行權皆受到“公共性”的制約,如果統(tǒng)治者背離此一目的,人們便可以訴諸上帝,通過以暴制暴的方式使其恢復秩序；孟德斯鳩致力于將分權制衡付諸實踐,在共和思想的“混合均衡”之外,又增添了一個意見自由表達的機制,并堅定認為舍此就無法保證執(zhí)行權的公共性；聯(lián)邦黨人及其后的治國精英們則致力于大國執(zhí)行權的制度設計,通過橫向權力(立法、司法、行政)的“混合均衡”以及縱向權力的“復合共和”兩原則來防止執(zhí)行權偏離公共性,并借助總統(tǒng)選舉的選舉團制度和政黨政治的“合法反對原則”得以落實,借此保證強大執(zhí)行權的有效性、靈活性及其公共性。
[Abstract]:The modern sense of the executive power in medieval Europe has its profound social and historical background, mainly due to two factors: the mutual construction, is the individual in modern sense; secondly, is the formation of modern country. The social structure of the modern sense of the individual growth benefit from the unique in Medieval Western Europe the "amphibious nature", this special social structure makes feudalism and capitalism two completely different nature of the factors can not only coexist, but also actively symbiosis; development of capitalist factors in accordance with its own character shapes individual. In medieval Europe the powerful church force due to the international nature, and as the backbone of the church the power of the priest class to spread his thought in the whole church range, concentrate on their academic; and completed the reasonable proof of the individual order. All this promote the awakening of the individual, and makes the rational, secular tendency, eventually led to the initiation of the consciousness of individual right; at the same time, half of the Middle Ages in Europe, especially the European continent, the frequent war spawned a powerful country, the sovereign's power gradually mastered the powerful monopoly the violence of resources and financial resources for the country's real national modern sense. The two factors of mutual construction, have the consciousness of rights on the one hand, the individual rational endowment seeking strong protection of the king, on the other hand is a wise monarch is also aware that only a strong, centralized executive power can make the country prosperous and from the Gentiles violated. All this ultimately gave birth to the modern sense of the executive power. Strong executive power first appeared in medieval Europe: France, Spain, Germany, but in four five - Italy Machiavelli found it. He firmly believes that the emergence of a strong executive is a general trend, because only it can bring order and stability, and a strong executive is also ready to be transformed after his "moral neutralization" transformation.
Only the protection of the effectiveness of executive power, with a strong executive, social order can be attributed. It seems that this is inevitable "Faustian bargain." Hobbes philosophy in classical natural law theory, the abstract concept of nature to specific individuals, and that self preservation is the first motive of nature people; and human nature is selfish, so inevitably between people and people trapped in a "war like wolves and Wolf". In order to avoid this situation, as a powerful sovereign executive but not a must, and should be fixed to an office, the executive power is tend to position the Hobbes bridge; thus, moral and political tension, so that the executive power in achieving at the same time, become acceptable. However, this also means that a danger exists that is from first to last, strong execution Once the deviation of public right, the whole society will also fall into the abyss of the doomed eternally weak individual, when exposed to a strong Levitan front is defenseless. The effectiveness of executive power and public nature seems difficult to co-existence, in other words, how to obtain the effectiveness of executive power without losing its public has become a problem.
On this issue, the republican ideology gives beneficial enlightenment. The republican ideology with the public as a whole, and hope to prevent passive defense routes through the public right of private and foster good citizenship as a positive way to ensure the realization of public power. However, in how to ensure the executive power has always been to the public based on many thinkers, tends to take a negative line of defense, but the specific "domestication". Rock tried to end each one has its own merits to retain power to the people, the executive power, legislative power and legislative power checks and balances, whether also is a kind of executive power is constrained by public, if the rulers deviate from this purpose, people to God, the way to restore the order of violence; Montesquieu is committed to decentralization into practice in the Republic of the thought of "mixed equilibrium", added A freedom of expression mechanism, and determined that there is no guarantee of public enforcement power; system design of the Federalists and the ruling elite is committed to the implementation of the right to the country, through the horizontal power (legislative, judicial, administrative) "mixed equilibrium" and "composite vertical power Republic of" two principles to prevent the execution of right deviation of public, and with the presidential election in the electoral system and political parties "legitimate opposition principle" to be implemented, to ensure the effectiveness of the strong executive power, flexibility and commonality.

【學位授予單位】：南京大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：D09

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