發(fā)布時間：2018-03-19 02:24

  本文選題：柯亨　切入點(diǎn)：平等　出處：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：柯亨是分析馬克思主義學(xué)派的主要代表人物之一，他的理論研究一般采用分析哲學(xué)的方法。在其早期研究中，他關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)是對馬克思唯物主義的辯護(hù)。但是隨著世界政治格局的變化，東歐劇變、蘇聯(lián)解體，社會主義運(yùn)動陷入低潮，馬克思主義遭遇前所未有的沖擊。在這種時代條件下，柯亨寄希望于從經(jīng)典馬克思主義著作中找尋出路。但是隨著研究的深入柯亨認(rèn)為馬克思堅(jiān)持的社會主義經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治平等必然實(shí)現(xiàn)的兩大條件即生產(chǎn)力的不斷發(fā)展和無產(chǎn)階級力量的不斷增加在現(xiàn)實(shí)社會的發(fā)展中遭遇困境：社會資源的不斷減少以及環(huán)境的不斷惡化無不在阻礙生產(chǎn)力的快速發(fā)展，而作為社會主義領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階級的無產(chǎn)階級在現(xiàn)代社會中并沒有出現(xiàn)馬克思所說的達(dá)到社會絕大多數(shù)的狀況。 在這樣的時代背景下，加之自由主義和平等主義之爭的理論影響，柯亨將重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)φ我?guī)范和道義平等的研究�？潞鄬ⅠR克思實(shí)現(xiàn)社會平等的手段稱之為“馬克思主義的技術(shù)麻醉”，把這種方法看做是消極的規(guī)避正義的手段，他在批判繼承馬克思主義平等思想的基礎(chǔ)上，提出“自愿平等”的概念，指出在生產(chǎn)力水平不高的情況下平等分配也是可能的。對于學(xué)術(shù)界爭論的關(guān)于自由和平等在正義中的首要性問題，柯亨作為一名左翼人士在其著作《自我所有、自由和平等》一書中論述了平等和自由意志主義者所說的自由之間不存在沖突，自由和平等是相容的。在柯亨平等思想中，平等的關(guān)鍵在于人性，他將平等的實(shí)現(xiàn)空間類比為野營旅行，倡導(dǎo)人們在旅行中堅(jiān)持平等原則和共享原則借以促進(jìn)社會主義機(jī)會平等的實(shí)現(xiàn)�？潞鄬⑸鐣髁x機(jī)會平等稱之為“可及利益平等”，是一種最大限度的平等，用以消除人們之間因天賦或與生俱來的不利條件造成的限制。一旦這種平等得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，社會差異反映的只是愛好和選擇的差異�？潞噙�對現(xiàn)代自由主義平等思想進(jìn)行了批判：①對于自由至上主義的代表人物諾奇克的自我所有思想，柯亨從三個方面進(jìn)行了批判：首先對諾奇克的張伯倫論證進(jìn)行批判，正是這一論證使柯亨對自己堅(jiān)持的思想信念產(chǎn)生懷疑；其次是對諾奇克關(guān)于獲取公平正義的途徑及其對私有財(cái)產(chǎn)和自由的論述的批判；最后是對自由所有原則的批判，這是柯亨批判論述的重點(diǎn)。②對于平等的自由主義思想代表人物羅爾斯，柯亨主要對其“差別原則”進(jìn)行批判，在柯亨看來，羅爾斯的差別原則實(shí)際上是對資本主義社會資產(chǎn)階級和無產(chǎn)階級之間貧富差距出現(xiàn)的一種辯護(hù)，該原則強(qiáng)調(diào)形式上的平等優(yōu)于實(shí)質(zhì)上的平等，只適用于社會法律等強(qiáng)制制度的選擇而忽視了人們?nèi)粘Ｐ袨榈倪x擇。 通過對諾奇克“自我所有”和羅爾斯“差別原則”的批判柯亨形成了自己獨(dú)特的平等主義思想。這一思想不僅拓寬了分析馬克思主義的研究領(lǐng)域，而且加深了西方馬克思主義平等理論的研究；通過揭示個人選擇上的不平等描述了資本主義社會新型的不平等現(xiàn)象，對于人性自私性的批判分析了當(dāng)代資本主義社會不平等現(xiàn)象的原因，有力的揭示了當(dāng)代資本主義社會不平等的實(shí)質(zhì)；通過對社會正義制度的倡導(dǎo)及自愿平等問題的提出描繪了社會平等的理想藍(lán)圖。平等問題是中國和諧社會建設(shè)的題中之意，通過分析柯亨社會主義平等思想有助于正確認(rèn)識當(dāng)代中國社會的不平等現(xiàn)象：當(dāng)代中國不平現(xiàn)象是暫時的，正確解決這些不平等問題是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。借以柯亨平等主義思想的指導(dǎo)，堅(jiān)持以人為本，完善國家稅收體系，提高人民對社會主義建設(shè)長期性的認(rèn)識必然能夠走向平等的中國和諧社會。
[Abstract]:Cohen is one of the main representatives of Marx School of thought, his theory of philosophy by analysis method. In the early studies, his focus is on Marx materialism defense. But with the change of the world political pattern in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the socialist movement is at a low ebb, Marx has suffered the hitherto unknown impact. In this era, Cohen hopes to find a way out from the classic Marx's works. But with the increasing depth study of Cohen thought Marx adhere to the socialist economic and political equality must achieve two conditions: the continuous development of productive forces and the proletariat is difficult in reality and social development in the declining and the deteriorating environment are fast and hinder the development of the productive forces of social resources, and as The proletariat of the socialist leading class did not appear in the modern society by what Marx said to the overwhelming majority of the society.
In this background, combined with the theory of liberalism and egalitarianism contend for, Cohen will shift the focus of political and moral norms of equality. Marx Cohen will achieve social equality means called "anesthesia" Marx's technique, this method is negative as evading justice he means, based on equality of critical inheritance of Marx's ideas, put forward the concept of "voluntary equality", pointed out that in the level of productivity is not high in the case of equal distribution is possible. For the academic debate on the problems of freedom and equality in justice, Cohen as a left-wing in his book "self ownership, freedom and equality" the book discusses equality and libertarian there is no conflict between the freedom, equality and freedom are compatible. In Cohen equality, equal The key lies in the human nature, he will be the realization of equal space analogy for the camping trip, traveling in advocating people to adhere to the principle of equality and the principle of sharing socialism so as to promote the realization of equal opportunity. Cohen will be called "socialist equality of opportunity and equality of interests", is a maximum of equality, in order to eliminate the adverse result the condition of talent or inherent limits between people. Once this equality can be achieved, social differences reflect the hobby and choice is different. Cohen also conducted a critique of modern liberalism thought of equality from the libertarian representative Nozick self all thought, Cohen's critique from three aspects: firstly, Nochik Chamberlain demonstrates the criticism, it is this argument that Cohen doubts they adhere to the thought faith; the second is to Nozick. Access to justice in criticism of private property and free discussion; finally is a critique of the freedom of all the principles, which is the focus of Cohen critical discourse. For the equality of liberalism representative Rawls Cohen, mainly on the "difference principle" for criticism, in Cohen's view, difference Rawls's principle is actually a defence of capitalist society gap between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, the principle of equality in form than the equality in essence, is only applicable to the legal system of compulsory social choice while ignoring the people's daily behavior.
According to Nozick "self ownership" and Rawls's "difference principle" critique of Cohen formed his unique idea of egalitarianism. This idea not only broaden the research field of the Marx doctrine, but also deepen the research of Western Marx doctrine of equality theory; through revealing personal choice and the unequal description of capitalist society model the inequality for human selfishness causes the critical analysis of contemporary capitalist society inequality, effectively reveals the essence of contemporary capitalist social inequality; through the proposed system of social justice and equality advocate voluntarily depicts the ideal blueprint of social equality. The equality problem is the construction of a harmonious society China. The question of meaning, through the analysis of Cohen socialist equality is conducive to a correct understanding of the contemporary China social inequality : the uneven phenomenon of contemporary Chinese is temporary, to solve these problems of inequality is a pressing matter of the moment. In order to Cohen egalitarian ideology, adhere to the people-oriented, improve the national tax system, improve the understanding of people's long-term construction of socialism must be able to equal China harmonious society.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：D091

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