本文選題：霍布斯　切入點：自然權(quán)利　出處：《重慶大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：霍布斯被斯特勞斯譽(yù)為現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)之父。正是他以無以倫比的明確性提出自然權(quán)利,使個人的合理要求成為政治哲學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)。在這里,霍布斯實現(xiàn)了從古典政治哲學(xué)到現(xiàn)代政治哲學(xué)的跨越。他的政治思想中蘊(yùn)含著現(xiàn)代政治設(shè)計的思想淵源,為近代政治哲學(xué)的發(fā)展帶來了革命性的變革,至今仍具有重要影響。 霍布斯政治哲學(xué)思想是建立在自然狀態(tài)理論體系之上的。他通過自然狀態(tài)理論的提出,把個人從傳統(tǒng)自然法的永恒秩序中解放出來還原為原子式的獨立個人。并以為此基礎(chǔ),霍布斯重構(gòu)了自然狀態(tài)中以個人為單位的人性論,否認(rèn)了從古希臘以來存在兩千多年之久、廣受中世紀(jì)學(xué)者所推崇的最高的善:至善;繼而,霍布斯否定了亞里士多德關(guān)于“人是天生的政治動物”的人之政治屬性和社會屬性的傳統(tǒng)假設(shè),這為其政治哲學(xué)的建立奠定了基本的理論基礎(chǔ)。隨后,通過結(jié)合自然中人天生具有的自由、平等的自然屬性的論述,得出了人是自然狀態(tài)下“具有全部原初權(quán)利”的自然權(quán)利個體的結(jié)論。以平等的自然權(quán)利為基礎(chǔ),在人的自然理性的指導(dǎo)之下,以“權(quán)利的轉(zhuǎn)讓與權(quán)力的授予為內(nèi)容”的社會契約為媒介,霍布斯政治體系的社會基礎(chǔ)——公民社會得以建立。在此,人們完成了自然人向公民身份的轉(zhuǎn)變,同時也使個人自然權(quán)利向公民權(quán)利、私人理性向公共理性的轉(zhuǎn)變得以完成。通過國法的制定,厘清了國家權(quán)力與公民權(quán)利、義務(wù)的關(guān)系;以國家強(qiáng)制力為后盾,政治體內(nèi)公民倫理與法制秩序得以形成,這為公民權(quán)利的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展奠定了完整的社會關(guān)系體系。以此為基礎(chǔ),公民權(quán)利得以產(chǎn)生發(fā)展。 作為霍布斯政治哲學(xué)的核心理論,自然權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)化為公民權(quán)利與公民自由觀念,社會契約演變?yōu)椤罢瓮狻钡挠^念,至今仍在西方主政治觀念和政治思維方式中占主導(dǎo)地位�；舨妓沟淖匀粰�(quán)利思想觀念為政治社會中個人的權(quán)利伸張?zhí)峁┝巳碌谋磉_(dá)方式,它所開辟的現(xiàn)代權(quán)利政治觀的理論路徑,影響了現(xiàn)代政治思維模式與發(fā)展方向。霍布斯權(quán)利價值觀確立的政治價值使其政治思想超越了其時代與國度,成為了后世政治思想家們無法繞過的豐碑。
[Abstract]:Hobbes was hailed by Strauss as the father of modern political philosophy. It was he who, with unparalleled clarity, proposed natural rights that made the legitimate demands of the individual the basis of political philosophy. Hobbes realized the leap from classical political philosophy to modern political philosophy, and his political thought contained the ideological origin of modern political design, which brought revolutionary change to the development of modern political philosophy and still has important influence to this day. Hobbes' political philosophy was based on the theory of natural state. He liberated the individual from the eternal order of traditional natural law into an atomic independent individual through the theory of natural state. Hobbes reconstructs the theory of human nature as a unit of human nature in the state of nature, denying the highest good that has existed for more than 2,000 years since ancient Greece and has been widely admired by medieval scholars: the supreme good; then, Hobbes denied Aristotle's traditional hypothesis that "man is a natural political animal", which laid a basic theoretical foundation for the establishment of his political philosophy. By combining the discussion of the natural freedom and equal nature attribute of man in nature, the conclusion that man is the individual of natural rights with all original rights under the natural state is concluded, which is based on equal natural rights. Under the guidance of human's natural rationality, the social contract of "the transfer of rights and the grant of power" as the medium, the social foundation of Hobbes' political system-civil society was established. People have completed the transition from natural person to citizenship, at the same time, it has made the change from individual's natural right to citizen's right and private rationality to public rationality. Through the enactment of national law, the relationship between state power and citizen's right and duty has been clarified. Civil ethics and legal order in politics can be formed on the basis of national coercive force, which lays a complete social relationship system for the emergence and development of civil rights, on which civil rights can be produced and developed. As the core theory of Hobbes' political philosophy, natural rights are transformed into the concepts of civil rights and civil liberties, and the social contract evolves into the concept of "political consent". Hobbes' concept of natural rights provides a new way of expressing the rights of individuals in the political society. It has opened up the theoretical path of the modern political view of rights, which has influenced the mode of modern political thinking and the direction of its development. The political value established by Hobbes' right values makes its political thought transcend its time and country. It became a monument that later political thinkers could not bypass.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D09

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