本文關(guān)鍵詞： 民族主義 新俄羅斯主義 車(chē)臣問(wèn)題 民族關(guān)系　出處：《中央民族大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：民族主義是人類(lèi)社會(huì)進(jìn)入近代以來(lái)基于對(duì)國(guó)家和民族關(guān)系的重新認(rèn)識(shí)并伴隨著民族國(guó)家的建立而產(chǎn)生的一種社會(huì)思潮和意識(shí)形態(tài),它從誕生之日起就對(duì)不同國(guó)家和民族之間的關(guān)系調(diào)整和重構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。探討民族主義的起源、內(nèi)涵和影響,總結(jié)民族主義的運(yùn)行規(guī)律,使其成為促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展的動(dòng)力,遏制其負(fù)面影響及其走勢(shì),在今天便顯得尤為重要。 要透徹地認(rèn)識(shí)民族主義,就必須梳理民族主義的理論源流,歷史地分析民族主義的緣起和界定范疇,明確民族主義的基本理論觀(guān)點(diǎn),系統(tǒng)闡述民族主義的各個(gè)發(fā)展階段及其特征、性質(zhì)和歷史地位。進(jìn)而在全球化的背景下,還要研究民族主義在新時(shí)代的特質(zhì)與其跟全球化的和內(nèi)在關(guān)系,多角度闡釋民族主義的內(nèi)容、民族主義在冷戰(zhàn)后的主要表現(xiàn),從而總結(jié)出民族主義的諸多新特征,這些特征主要包括其趨向的全球化和普遍化、性質(zhì)的多元化和復(fù)雜化、內(nèi)容的非純粹化和全面性、發(fā)展勢(shì)頭的多向性等。這些特征的出現(xiàn),一定程度上改變了民族和國(guó)家的之間的關(guān)系,這有利于緩解民族矛盾,調(diào)整國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序,此外,也推動(dòng)了世界多元化國(guó)際格局的形成,但民族主義也在一定程度上造成了地區(qū)的動(dòng)蕩,影響了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定。這種由民族主義產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)蕩最典型的個(gè)案就是俄羅斯的車(chē)臣問(wèn)題。 車(chē)臣問(wèn)題由來(lái)已久,經(jīng)過(guò)綜合分析,筆者認(rèn)為,引起車(chē)臣民族問(wèn)題的內(nèi)外部原因,包括民族征服的歷史積怨、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展滯后導(dǎo)致社會(huì)問(wèn)題滋生、前蘇聯(lián)民族政策失誤、極端宗教勢(shì)力的肆虐、國(guó)外西方勢(shì)力的推波助瀾等。但隨著新俄羅斯主義的崛起,車(chē)臣問(wèn)題的主體環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的了很大的變化,民族主義在車(chē)臣問(wèn)題中的敏感性日益增強(qiáng),要真正認(rèn)識(shí)和解決車(chē)臣問(wèn)題,就必須從新俄羅斯主義和車(chē)臣民族分裂主義的兩種民族主義博弈中尋求答案。新俄羅斯主義是俄羅斯民族主義在新的時(shí)代背景下的產(chǎn)物,它誕生于俄羅斯進(jìn)行社會(huì),政治,經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的轉(zhuǎn)軌過(guò)程中,并且始終伴隨著來(lái)自西方世界的強(qiáng)大壓力。在面臨民族和社會(huì)重新整合和定位的歷程中,新俄羅斯民族主義開(kāi)始探討如何應(yīng)對(duì)西方文明、如何調(diào)解民族關(guān)系、如何維護(hù)國(guó)家利益、如何探索國(guó)家命運(yùn)等問(wèn)題。在所有這些問(wèn)題中擺在最突出位置的就是車(chē)臣問(wèn)題,車(chē)臣問(wèn)題是俄羅斯中央政府和車(chē)臣地方勢(shì)力在民族問(wèn)題上的激烈交鋒,并最終演變成兩次慘烈的車(chē)臣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。通過(guò)兩次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),俄羅斯中央政府維護(hù)了國(guó)家領(lǐng)土完整和主權(quán)統(tǒng)一,打擊了三股勢(shì)力的合流,車(chē)臣地區(qū)已顯露出和平的曙光。但由于復(fù)雜的歷史根源、社會(huì)根源和國(guó)際背景,車(chē)臣問(wèn)題短期內(nèi)恐怕還難以破解,為此,俄羅斯政府針對(duì)該問(wèn)題實(shí)施了民族“自治”,方案,為解決錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的車(chē)臣民族主義問(wèn)題提供了一種思路。面對(duì)車(chē)臣民族問(wèn)題,整個(gè)世界,無(wú)論是目前處于人類(lèi)發(fā)展領(lǐng)跑者的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,還是在現(xiàn)代化道路上努力追趕的發(fā)展中國(guó)家,都有必要反思和借鑒。 我國(guó)是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一多民族的國(guó)家,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨和政府一直都高度重視民族關(guān)系和民族問(wèn)題的處理,透過(guò)車(chē)臣問(wèn)題及俄羅斯中央政府解決該問(wèn)題所采取的一系列方法和措施,我們可以看到處理民族問(wèn)題的復(fù)雜性和長(zhǎng)期性,結(jié)合我國(guó)的實(shí)際國(guó)情和民族關(guān)系狀況,有針對(duì)性地學(xué)習(xí)和借鑒這些經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)搞好我國(guó)的社會(huì)主義民族關(guān)系是大有裨益的。
[Abstract]:Nationalism is since the beginning of the modern human society based on national and ethnic relations and a new understanding of social thought and ideology with the establishment of the nation and produce, it is from the date of birth on the relationship between the adjustment and reconstruction between different countries and nations have had a profound impact. The origin of nationalism. The meaning and impact of running regularity of nationalism, make it become the motive force to promote world peace and development, to curb its negative influence and its trend, is particularly important in today.
To get a thorough understanding of nationalism, it must be the theoretical origin of combing nationalism, a historical analysis of the origin and definition of the category of nationalism, clear nationalism theory, the different stages of the development and characteristics of system on nationalism, nature and historical status. Then under the background of globalization, but also the study of nationalism in the new the characteristic of the ages with globalization and internal relations, multi perspective of nationalism, Chinese nationalism in the main performance after the cold war, which summed up many new characteristics of nationalism, these features mainly include the trend of globalization and the universal nature, diversified and complicated, non pure and comprehensive content the development momentum of the multi-directional. The appearance of these characteristics, to a certain extent, changed the relationship between the nation and the country, which is beneficial to alleviate the ethnic conflicts and adjustment The international political and economic order, in addition, also promoted the formation of world diversification of international pattern, but nationalism has to a certain extent, resulting in turbulence, the impact of the economic development and social stability. The most typical case which produced by nationalist unrest is Russia in Chechnya.
Chechnya is a long-standing problem, through comprehensive analysis, the author thinks that, due to internal and external reasons of the Chechen national issues, including the historical grievances ethnic conquest, backward economic development and cause social problems of breeding, the former Soviet Union national policy mistakes, raging extremist religious forces, Western forces fueling. But with the rise of new Russian nationalism, Chechnya the main environment produced very big change, the sensitivity of nationalism in the Chechen problem increasingly, to truly understand and solve the Chechen problem, we must find the answer from the two game of new Russian nationalism nationalism and ethnic separatism in Chechnya. Russian nationalism is a product of Russian nationalism in the new era it was born, for social, political transition in Russia, economic system, and is always accompanied by the strong from the western world High pressure. In the face of national and social re integration and localization in the course of the new Russian nationalism began to explore how to deal with the Western civilization, how to reconcile ethnic relations, how to safeguard the interests of the state, how to explore the problem of the fate of the country. In all of these problems placed in the most prominent position is Chechnya, Chechen problem is fierce battle Russia's central government and local forces in Chechnya on ethnic issues, and eventually evolved into the two tragic war in Chechnya. By the two war, the Russian central government maintained the unity of national sovereignty and territorial integrity, against the confluence of three forces, Chechnya has revealed the dawn of peace. But because of the complex historical roots, social and international background, the Chechen problem in the short term I am afraid it is difficult to solve, therefore, the Russian government to solve the problem of national implementation of the "autonomy" program, for It provides a way to solve the complicated Chechnya nationalism. Facing Chechnya's ethnic problems, it is necessary for the whole world, whether in the developed countries that are currently in the leading position of human development or in developing countries to catch up with them in the modernization drive, it is necessary to reflect and borrow.
China is a unified multi-ethnic country, Chinese Communist Party and the government has always attached great importance to ethnic relations and ethnic issues, a series of methods and measures of Chechnya and Russia through the central government to solve the problem in the processing, we can see the national problem of the complexity and long-term, combined with China's actual the situation and the situation of national relations, to learn from these experiences, the socialist ethnic relations in our country is to be of great advantage.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D091.5;D815.5

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