西漢反貨幣思想研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-11 18:10
【摘要】：貨幣化是人類社會商品貨幣經濟發(fā)展到一定程度的產物,而反貨幣思想是貨幣化發(fā)展到一定水平的產物。反貨幣思想貫穿于整個中國古代,并有著相當程度的影響。學術界對反貨幣思想的研究還很薄弱,目前尚無專著和專文,對反貨幣思想作斷代研究更是空白,僅有相關論著涉及反貨幣思想的部分內容。 反貨幣思想是各種反對貨幣的思想的總和,以現(xiàn)代的眼光來看,它是一種開歷史倒車的思想,是對社會經濟環(huán)境的過激反應,是貨幣經濟發(fā)展到一定水平時的特定產物。西漢的貨幣問題有兩方面,一是貨幣制度,二是貨幣思想,而反貨幣思想從屬于貨幣思想。貨幣制度問題往往直接催生了貨幣思想,而貨幣思想則給予實際的貨幣制度以理論指導,并提供解決問題的方法。西漢的貨幣思想往往是針對實際的貨幣或其他社會問題而形成發(fā)展起來的,是為實際的經濟貨幣問題尋找對策。 西漢社會主要使用兩種金屬貨幣:首先是銅錢,其次是黃金。西漢反貨幣論者所反對的貨幣是金屬貨幣,主要是金屬鑄幣銅錢,其次是黃金。其中銅錢為鑄幣,而黃金是稱量貨幣。 隨著西漢貨幣化進程負面影響的加劇,反貨幣思想表現(xiàn)得越來越激烈,呈遞進式發(fā)展。從其演變上看,西漢反貨幣思想有三個遞進層次:一是萌芽期,在理論上否定貨幣的價值,即陸賈、賈山的“貨幣無用論”,認為“錢者,亡用器也”。二是發(fā)展期,在理論和實踐上貶低貨幣的作用,即晁錯的“賤貨幣論”,認為“是故明君貴五谷而賤金玉”。三是成熟期,要求廢除貨幣,取消商品貨幣經濟,回到沒有貨幣的原始經濟時代,即貢禹的“反貨幣論”。他認為“宜罷采珠玉金銀鑄錢之官,亡復以為幣,市井勿得販賣,除其租銖之律,租稅祿賜皆以布帛及谷”。但由于種種原因,漢元帝并未接受該提議。 通過歷史的考察,西漢反貨幣思想的影響主要有以下三個方面:首先,西漢反貨幣思想對當時政府的決策有一定程度的影響,比如,晁錯提出“以粟為賞罰”“入粟拜爵”。其次,西漢反貨幣思想在人們對貨幣的認識方面有很大影響,比如從吃穿的角度看貨幣,從道德的角度看貨幣。這導致了中國古代對貨幣的認識落入窠臼而缺少深入的研究。最后,西漢反貨幣思想對強化農本思想的作用方面有較大影響,因為反貨幣思想和農本思想有著內在的一致性。宏觀地來看,西漢反貨幣思想鞏固了西漢的封建政權,因為它維護的是封建政權得以存在的經濟基礎——小農經濟。此外,西漢反貨幣思想對貨幣化起到了不小的阻礙作用,在一定程度上造成了經濟發(fā)展的相對停滯。因為相對于農業(yè),工商業(yè)對經濟的拉動作用更大。 總的來說,西漢反貨幣思想的影響幾乎都是負面的,因而西漢反貨幣思想實際上是一種不可取的開歷史倒車的思想。
[Abstract]:Monetization is the product of the development of commodity monetary economy in human society to a certain extent, while the anti-monetary thought is the product of monetization to a certain level. Anti-monetary thought throughout ancient China, and has a considerable impact. Academic research on anti-monetary thought is still very weak, there are no monographs and articles at present, the anti-monetary thought research is blank, only related works involve some content of anti-monetary thought. Anti-monetary thought is the summation of all kinds of anti-money thoughts. From a modern perspective, it is a kind of thought of turning back history, overreacting to social and economic environment, and a special product when money economy develops to a certain level. There are two aspects of the money problem in the Western Han Dynasty, one is the monetary system, the other is the money thought, and the anti-monetary thought is subordinate to the monetary thought. The problem of monetary system often gives birth to the thought of money directly, and the thought of money gives theoretical guidance to the actual monetary system and provides the method to solve the problem. The thought of money in the Western Han Dynasty was often formed in the light of actual currency or other social problems, and it was to seek countermeasures for the actual economic monetary problems. The West Han Dynasty mainly used two kinds of metal currency: first, copper money, then gold. The currency opposed by the anti-monetary theorists in the Western Han Dynasty was metal currency, mainly metal coins and copper coins, followed by gold. Among them copper money is coin, and gold is weighing currency. With the intensification of the negative influence of the monetization process in the Western Han Dynasty, the anti-monetary thought became more and more intense and developed in a progressive manner. In terms of its evolution, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty has three progressive levels: first, in its infancy, it theoretically negates the value of money, that is, Lu Jia and Jia Shan's theory of "money is useless". Second, the development period, in theory and practice belittling the role of money, namely Chao's "cheap money theory", that is, "the Ming Jun is expensive and cheap gold jade." Third, mature period, demand to abolish currency, cancel commodity money economy, return to the age of primitive economy without money, namely Gong Yu's "anti-monetary theory". He thought that "it is appropriate for officials who cast money from pearl jade, gold and silver, to be found dead, and not to be sold in the market, except for the law of the baht, all of which are given to them by cloth, silk and valley." However, for various reasons, the emperor did not accept the proposal. Through the historical investigation, the influence of the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty mainly has the following three aspects: first, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty has a certain degree of influence on the decision-making of the government at that time. Secondly, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty had great influence on people's understanding of currency, such as looking at currency from the point of food and clothing, and from the point of view of morality. This led to the Chinese ancient understanding of the currency into a rut and lack of in-depth research. Finally, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty had a great influence on strengthening the function of the peasant thought, because the anti-currency thought and the peasant thought had the internal consistency. From a macro point of view, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty consolidated the feudal regime of the Western Han Dynasty, because it maintained the economic basis of the existence of the feudal regime-the small-scale peasant economy. In addition, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty played a significant role in hindering the monetization, resulting in the relative stagnation of economic development to a certain extent. Because of relative to agriculture, industry and commerce to the economic pull effect is bigger. In general, the influence of anti-monetary thought in the Western Han Dynasty is almost negative, so the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty is actually an undesirable idea of turning back history.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：F822.9;K234.1
本文編號：2264768
[Abstract]:Monetization is the product of the development of commodity monetary economy in human society to a certain extent, while the anti-monetary thought is the product of monetization to a certain level. Anti-monetary thought throughout ancient China, and has a considerable impact. Academic research on anti-monetary thought is still very weak, there are no monographs and articles at present, the anti-monetary thought research is blank, only related works involve some content of anti-monetary thought. Anti-monetary thought is the summation of all kinds of anti-money thoughts. From a modern perspective, it is a kind of thought of turning back history, overreacting to social and economic environment, and a special product when money economy develops to a certain level. There are two aspects of the money problem in the Western Han Dynasty, one is the monetary system, the other is the money thought, and the anti-monetary thought is subordinate to the monetary thought. The problem of monetary system often gives birth to the thought of money directly, and the thought of money gives theoretical guidance to the actual monetary system and provides the method to solve the problem. The thought of money in the Western Han Dynasty was often formed in the light of actual currency or other social problems, and it was to seek countermeasures for the actual economic monetary problems. The West Han Dynasty mainly used two kinds of metal currency: first, copper money, then gold. The currency opposed by the anti-monetary theorists in the Western Han Dynasty was metal currency, mainly metal coins and copper coins, followed by gold. Among them copper money is coin, and gold is weighing currency. With the intensification of the negative influence of the monetization process in the Western Han Dynasty, the anti-monetary thought became more and more intense and developed in a progressive manner. In terms of its evolution, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty has three progressive levels: first, in its infancy, it theoretically negates the value of money, that is, Lu Jia and Jia Shan's theory of "money is useless". Second, the development period, in theory and practice belittling the role of money, namely Chao's "cheap money theory", that is, "the Ming Jun is expensive and cheap gold jade." Third, mature period, demand to abolish currency, cancel commodity money economy, return to the age of primitive economy without money, namely Gong Yu's "anti-monetary theory". He thought that "it is appropriate for officials who cast money from pearl jade, gold and silver, to be found dead, and not to be sold in the market, except for the law of the baht, all of which are given to them by cloth, silk and valley." However, for various reasons, the emperor did not accept the proposal. Through the historical investigation, the influence of the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty mainly has the following three aspects: first, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty has a certain degree of influence on the decision-making of the government at that time. Secondly, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty had great influence on people's understanding of currency, such as looking at currency from the point of food and clothing, and from the point of view of morality. This led to the Chinese ancient understanding of the currency into a rut and lack of in-depth research. Finally, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty had a great influence on strengthening the function of the peasant thought, because the anti-currency thought and the peasant thought had the internal consistency. From a macro point of view, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty consolidated the feudal regime of the Western Han Dynasty, because it maintained the economic basis of the existence of the feudal regime-the small-scale peasant economy. In addition, the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty played a significant role in hindering the monetization, resulting in the relative stagnation of economic development to a certain extent. Because of relative to agriculture, industry and commerce to the economic pull effect is bigger. In general, the influence of anti-monetary thought in the Western Han Dynasty is almost negative, so the anti-monetary thought of the Western Han Dynasty is actually an undesirable idea of turning back history.
【學位授予單位】：河南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：F822.9;K234.1
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