發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-02 12:29

  本文選題：清朝 + 越南��； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 古代中國經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮,政治力量強(qiáng)大,文明高度發(fā)達(dá),為周邊的國家所仰慕,吸引著他們和中國交往,向中國學(xué)習(xí),并主動(dòng)和中國建立起宗藩關(guān)系,以尋求中國的保護(hù)。中越兩國是鄰邦,宗藩關(guān)系也延續(xù)了近千年,清朝開始統(tǒng)治中國后,越南統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)就積極與清朝建立宗藩關(guān)系,除了期望從宗主國獲得政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和引進(jìn)先進(jìn)的文化外,還有一個(gè)重要的考慮,即通過與清朝建立這一象征性地臣屬關(guān)系,爭(zhēng)得自己在本國的正統(tǒng)與合法地位,同時(shí)維護(hù)本國的穩(wěn)定和安全。對(duì)清朝來說,它可滿足中國封建統(tǒng)治者“天朝上國”的心理需求,同時(shí)中國也需要越南作為鞏固邊防的一道屏障。 這一時(shí)期,越南國內(nèi)存在多個(gè)政權(quán),經(jīng)常發(fā)生爭(zhēng)奪統(tǒng)治權(quán)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),政權(quán)更迭頻繁。清朝與越南宗藩關(guān)系的建立也經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)曲折的過程,最初與安南黎朝的一元關(guān)系,發(fā)展到與西山朝建立宗藩關(guān)系,到最后與越南阮朝確立宗藩關(guān)系。 中越兩國邊界綿延千里,越南國內(nèi)的戰(zhàn)亂頻繁,越南各種反政府武裝或割據(jù)勢(shì)力敗亡之后,其頭目就往往借地利之便,越界進(jìn)入中國避難,請(qǐng)求宗主國之保護(hù)。例如莫氏、黎氏及其宗室成員就兩次入華請(qǐng)求清政府的保護(hù),這些人員是受過清廷冊(cè)封的,作為宗主國清政府采取謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度。先是妥善安置他們,根據(jù)越南局勢(shì)的變化,清朝的態(tài)度和立場(chǎng)則隨之改變。除此之外在康熙至乾隆年間,還有一些地方割據(jù)勢(shì)力的眷屬和部下,例如武公俊、麻福淀、矣長(zhǎng),農(nóng)民起義的領(lǐng)袖黃公纘、土司家眷等入華避難。對(duì)這些人員,清政府以不破壞同安南的宗藩關(guān)系為原則,根據(jù)不同情況,采取不同的處理措施。例如,麻福淀和武公俊是黎朝有罪之人,如果將其收留,顯然不利于雙方關(guān)系的發(fā)展,因此,清朝政府不予收留,而是應(yīng)黎朝之請(qǐng),將其解送回國,由黎朝自行處置。 清朝作為越南的宗主國,對(duì)于那些因戰(zhàn)亂等原因投奔中國的越南避難者,清朝往往出于宗藩道義,給他們提供幫助;同時(shí)也是從自身現(xiàn)實(shí)利益出發(fā),避免不必要的武力沖突和財(cái)力損失,在維護(hù)越南局勢(shì)穩(wěn)定的前提下,確保邊境安全無憂。但是當(dāng)宗藩道義與現(xiàn)實(shí)利益發(fā)生沖突時(shí),也會(huì)做出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整,將現(xiàn)實(shí)利益置于宗藩道義之上。
[Abstract]:Ancient China was prosperous in economy, powerful in politics and highly developed in civilization. It was admired by the neighboring countries, attracted them to contact with China, learned from China, and took the initiative to establish a suzerain-vassal relationship with China in order to seek China's protection. China and Vietnam are neighbors, and suzerain-vassal relations have continued for nearly a thousand years.After the Qing Dynasty began to rule China, the Vietnamese ruling group actively established suzerain-vassal relations with the Qing Dynasty, in addition to expecting political, economic benefits and the introduction of advanced culture from the sovereign state. There is also an important consideration that through establishing this symbolic subordinate relationship with the Qing Dynasty, we can gain their orthodoxy and legal status in their own country, while maintaining the stability and security of their own country. For the Qing Dynasty, it can satisfy the psychological needs of the feudal rulers of China, and China also needs Vietnam as a barrier to consolidate the frontier defense. During this period, there were many regimes in Vietnam. The establishment of the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Vietnam also experienced a tortuous process. At first, the monistic relationship with Annan and Li Dynasty developed to establish the suzerain-vassal relationship with the West Mountain Dynasty, and finally with the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam to establish the suzerain-vassal relationship. The border between China and Vietnam extends for thousands of miles, and Vietnam's internal war is frequent. After the defeat of various rebel forces or separatist forces in Vietnam, its leaders often take advantage of their geographical location to cross the border to seek refuge in China and request the protection of the sovereign state. For example, Mo, Li and his family members applied for the protection of the Qing government on two occasions. These people were canonized by the Qing Dynasty and took a cautious attitude as the sovereign state of the Qing government. First, they were properly placed, and the attitude and position of the Qing Dynasty changed according to the changes in Vietnam. In addition, during the period from Kangxi to Qianlong, there were families and subordinates of some local separatist forces, such as Wu Gongjun, Ma Fudian, long, the leader of the peasant uprising, Huang Gong Zan, and the families of the Tusi families, who had taken refuge in China. The Qing government took different measures to deal with these personnel according to different situations, on the principle of not destroying the Suzerain-vassal relationship of Tong an Nan. For example, Mafu Dian and Wu Gongjun are guilty of Li Chao. If they are taken in, it is obviously not conducive to the development of bilateral relations. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty government refused to accept them. Instead, at the request of the Li Dynasty, they were sent back to China for their own disposal. As the sovereign state of Vietnam, the Qing Dynasty, for those Vietnamese asylum seekers who had gone to China for reasons such as the war turmoil, often offered them assistance out of suzerainty morality; at the same time, they set out from their own realistic interests. To avoid unnecessary armed conflict and loss of financial resources, while maintaining the stability of Vietnam, to ensure the security of the border. However, when the suzerainty-vassal morality conflicts with the real interests, it will make corresponding adjustments and put the real interests above the suzerainty-vassal morality.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K249

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