本文選題：明代 + 賑貸制度��； 參考：《史學(xué)月刊》2017年10期

【摘要】：向貧民發(fā)放救助性賑貸,是歷代救荒的一項(xiàng)重要措施。明初通過(guò)廣泛設(shè)置預(yù)備倉(cāng),重構(gòu)了元末以來(lái)斷裂的賑貸制度。但正統(tǒng)以后,預(yù)備倉(cāng)逐漸破敗,賑貸制度隨之發(fā)生了顯著變化:其一,不收利息的"秋成抵斗還官"逐漸過(guò)渡到"量取息米",甚至演變?yōu)楦呃J;其二,鄉(xiāng)村豪民取代貧困小農(nóng),成為賑貸的主要受益對(duì)象;其三,預(yù)備倉(cāng)的賑貸功能明顯下降,賑貸越來(lái)越多地依靠勸分、贓罰和捐納等來(lái)苦苦支撐;其四,官方主導(dǎo)型的賑貸逐漸弱化,以義倉(cāng)、社倉(cāng)為支撐的民間賑貸逐漸凸顯。這些變化再次印證了中國(guó)古代災(zāi)荒賑貸制度逃不脫的利息政策異化、放貸對(duì)象錯(cuò)位、國(guó)家責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)嫁等運(yùn)行悖論和周期性興衰循環(huán)。
[Abstract]:Granting relief loans to the poor is an important measure for the relief of famine in successive dynasties. In the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the credit relief system was reconstructed by setting up reserve storehouse widely since the end of Yuan Dynasty. However, after orthodoxy, the reserve warehouse gradually collapsed, and the relief loan system changed significantly: first, the "Qiucheng Dou returning officials", who did not charge interest, gradually transitioned to "take interest rice by quantity", and even evolved into usury; second, The rural residents have replaced the poor small farmers as the main beneficiaries of the relief loans. Thirdly, the function of the relief loans in the reserve warehouse has obviously declined, and the relief loans are increasingly supported by persuasion, penalty and donations. Fourth, The official-oriented relief loan gradually weakened, and the folk relief loan supported by the warehouse and social warehouse gradually became prominent. These changes once again confirm the paradox of operation such as the alienation of interest policy, the dislocation of lending objects and the transfer of national responsibility, which can not escape from the system of relief for famine relief in ancient China, and the cycle of periodic rise and fall.
【作者單位】： 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)歷史文化研究所、農(nóng)業(yè)部傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)中華農(nóng)業(yè)文明研究院;
【基金】：國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金西部項(xiàng)目“中國(guó)古代災(zāi)荒賑貸制度研究”(17XZS035),國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目“明清以來(lái)的淮河水災(zāi)與治淮思想變遷研究”(13BZS072)
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K248
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本文編號(hào)：1913008