本文選題：宋代 + 香藥貿(mào)易��； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：宋代香藥進(jìn)口貿(mào)易、販運(yùn)、加工生產(chǎn)、銷售,直至香藥消費(fèi),已形成一個(gè)重要的香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)。本文從宋代香藥朝貢貿(mào)易和民間海外香藥貿(mào)易、政府對(duì)香藥的禁榷經(jīng)營(yíng)、民間香藥銷售和生產(chǎn)加工經(jīng)營(yíng)、香藥業(yè)與其他產(chǎn)業(yè)的關(guān)聯(lián)、宋代社會(huì)的香藥消費(fèi)等方面對(duì)宋代香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)作了考察。 在北宋前期,統(tǒng)治者出于樹立國(guó)威的政治需求而積極鼓勵(lì)朝貢貿(mào)易,香藥朝貢貿(mào)易獲得較快發(fā)展。北宋中期以后,由于財(cái)政困難,宋朝政府不得不以務(wù)實(shí)的態(tài)度對(duì)待香藥朝貢貿(mào)易,實(shí)行估價(jià)回賜制度,控制朝貢貿(mào)易規(guī)模和成本,注重自身貿(mào)易利益。南宋時(shí),香藥朝貢貿(mào)易由原來(lái)的估價(jià)回賜為主轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌榻夂唾I為主估價(jià)回賜為輔。因此,海外諸國(guó)朝貢貿(mào)易積極性大為減少,香藥朝貢貿(mào)易也由繁盛漸趨衰落。此外,北宋時(shí)期陸上絲綢之路乳香為主的香藥貿(mào)易承唐代繁榮之余緒,再度繁盛,并沒(méi)有衰落,貿(mào)易規(guī)模在某種程度上甚至超過(guò)唐代,只是與當(dāng)時(shí)海上香藥貿(mào)易相比,略顯遜色而已。 宋代民間海外香藥貿(mào)易比較發(fā)達(dá)。大食、三佛齊等國(guó)外海商及國(guó)內(nèi)海商大多實(shí)力雄厚,經(jīng)營(yíng)海外香藥蕃貨貿(mào)易,規(guī)模龐大。同時(shí),許多沿海中小商人、船戶船員以及部分官僚貴族也直接或間接參與海外香藥蕃貨貿(mào)易活動(dòng)。為了解決海外香藥貿(mào)易資金問(wèn)題以及共同抵御貿(mào)易風(fēng)險(xiǎn),宋代海商采取了資本與資本的合伙經(jīng)營(yíng)以及資本與勞動(dòng)的合伙經(jīng)營(yíng)制度,這無(wú)疑是一種較好的制度選擇,有利于當(dāng)時(shí)海外香藥貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。另外,豐厚利潤(rùn)驅(qū)使、東南亞諸國(guó)與宋代之間經(jīng)濟(jì)差異互補(bǔ)、市舶抽解博買過(guò)重、沿海地區(qū)地緣特點(diǎn)等諸因素也使得宋代海外香藥走私貿(mào)易一直持續(xù)不衰。 宋代政府香藥禁榷經(jīng)營(yíng)。一方面接受海外和西域諸國(guó)的香藥朝貢貿(mào)易；另一方面市舶抽解博買香藥,由此專門設(shè)置香藥庫(kù),并由榷貨務(wù)批發(fā)香藥和直接銷售香藥,獲得的收入甚厚,在財(cái)政總收入中的比率高達(dá)2-3%左右。香藥收入在緩解宋代政府財(cái)政困境中發(fā)揮了重要作用。宋代政府在當(dāng)時(shí)整個(gè)香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中扮演了管理者和經(jīng)營(yíng)者的雙重角色,并起到了主導(dǎo)的作用。但宋代政府在香藥禁榷經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中也出現(xiàn)了強(qiáng)買強(qiáng)賣、經(jīng)營(yíng)成本費(fèi)用極高和效率低下、擠占民間香藥業(yè)發(fā)展空間等一些不可避免的弊病。 在宋代香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中,政府實(shí)行與工商業(yè)者共利的經(jīng)營(yíng)機(jī)制,商人和手工業(yè)者獲得較大的香藥經(jīng)營(yíng)空間。宋代民間香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展給當(dāng)時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)產(chǎn)生重要的作用：一是在一定程度上擴(kuò)展和活躍了宋代社會(huì)商品流通的市場(chǎng),增強(qiáng)了商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量,促進(jìn)了宋代社會(huì)商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮；二是為民眾增加了許多就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)；三是增加了政府的商稅收入。 宋代香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)具有很高的關(guān)聯(lián)度。宋代香藥不僅自身在香品、用香器具、香藥面脂妝粉等加工生產(chǎn)方面已形成一個(gè)很大的產(chǎn)業(yè),而且還運(yùn)用于宋代飲食業(yè)、釀酒業(yè)、制墨業(yè)、制茶業(yè)、制藥業(yè)、陶瓷業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、器具制作等諸多產(chǎn)業(yè)的加工生產(chǎn),并發(fā)揮了重要作用,在很大程度上豐富了這些產(chǎn)業(yè)的內(nèi)容,為這些產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展增添了新鮮的活力,促進(jìn)了這些產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。 香藥消費(fèi)既是宋代香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的終點(diǎn),又是起點(diǎn)。宋代香藥除上層社會(huì)官僚貴族奢侈消費(fèi)外,也開(kāi)始大量進(jìn)入下層社會(huì)平民百姓日常生活中消費(fèi)使用。宋代政府公務(wù)活動(dòng)、醫(yī)療保健、佛道宗教生活等都離不開(kāi)香藥消費(fèi)。香藥消費(fèi)在宋代社會(huì)生活中已成為大眾化的消費(fèi),社會(huì)消費(fèi)需求巨大,成為宋代社會(huì)總消費(fèi)的一個(gè)重要組成部分�？梢哉f(shuō),巨大的香藥消費(fèi)為宋代香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了源源不斷的動(dòng)力。 宋代香藥業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)是僅次于鹽業(yè)、茶業(yè)、酒業(yè)等之外的一大產(chǎn)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì),是宋代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的一個(gè)有機(jī)組成部分,在宋代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)中占有重要的地位。
[Abstract]:In the Song Dynasty , the trade , traffic , processing , production and sales of Xiangyao in the Song Dynasty had formed an important economic and pharmaceutical economy . This article has made an investigation into the economy of the Song Dynasty from the aspects of the trade of the fragrant medicine in the Song Dynasty and the trade between the folk medicine , the government ' s ban on the fragrant medicines , the sales of the folk medicine and the production and processing , the association between the fragrance and medicine industry and other industries , the consumption of the fragrance medicine in the Song Dynasty society , etc .

In the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty , the rulers actively encouraged the government to trade in tribute to the political demands of Guwei . After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty , the government of Song Dynasty had to take a pragmatic attitude towards the trade of incense medicine and pay attention to its own trade interests .

In order to solve the problem of foreign trade finance and to resist trade risks , many coastal middle - and small - sized businessmen , boatmen ' s crew members and some bureaucratic aristocrats are also directly or indirectly involved in the overseas Chinese drug trade . In order to solve the problem of foreign trade finance and to resist trade risks , the Song Dynasty has adopted the partnership of capital and capital and the partnership operation system of capital and labor .

On the one hand , the government of the Song Dynasty accepts foreign and western medicine to pay tribute trade ;
The government in the Song Dynasty played an important role in alleviating the financial distress of the government in the Song Dynasty .

In the economy of the Song Dynasty , the government carries out the operation mechanism of the common interests of the business people , the businessman and the hand - industrial person get the big fragrant medicine business space . The development of the folk medicine industry economy in the Song Dynasty has played an important role in the economy and society at that time . First , the market of the social commodity circulation in the Song Dynasty is expanded and active to a certain extent , the power of the commodity economy is enhanced , and the prosperity of the social commodity economy in the Song Dynasty is promoted ;
( b ) Increasing employment opportunities for the population ;
The third is to increase the government ' s business tax revenue .

The Song Dynasty fragrant medicine has formed a great industry in the processing and production of the incense products , the fragrant appliances , the fragrant medicinal powder and the like , and has played an important role in the processing and production of many industries , such as the catering industry , the brewing industry , the manufacturing industry , the tea industry , the pharmaceutical industry , the ceramic industry , the construction industry , and the appliance production , and plays an important role in greatly enriching the contents of the industries , adding fresh vitality to the development of these industries , and promoting the development of these industries .

The consumption of Xiangyao is not only the end point of the economic development of the Song Dynasty , but also the starting point . In addition to the luxury consumption of the upper - level social officialdom , the Song Dynasty has become a major component in the social life of the Song Dynasty . The consumption of Xiang medicine has become an important part of the total consumption of the society in the Song Dynasty .

The economy of the Xiang Pharmaceutical Industry in the Song Dynasty is a major industrial economy after salt industry , tea industry and wine industry . It is an integral part of the social economy in the Song Dynasty , which plays an important role in the social economy of the Song Dynasty .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K244;F426.72

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 吳鴻洲;;泉州出土宋海船所載香料藥物考[J];浙江中醫(yī)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);1981年03期

2 河上麻由子;;佛教與朝貢的關(guān)系——以南北朝時(shí)期為中心[J];傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)研究集刊;2006年00期

3 趙超;《香譜》與古代焚香之風(fēng)[J];中國(guó)典籍與文化;1996年04期

4 劉秋根;任歡歡;;宋代女性時(shí)尚消費(fèi)[J];河北學(xué)刊;2011年03期

5 孟彭興;論兩宋進(jìn)口香藥對(duì)宋人社會(huì)生活的影響[J];史林;1997年01期

6 嚴(yán)小青;惠富平;;宋代香料貿(mào)易及其影響[J];江蘇商論;2007年04期

7 袁林;;論國(guó)家在中國(guó)古代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)中的地位和作用[J];陜西師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2006年06期

8 嚴(yán)小青;;南宋京城臨安的市井香業(yè)加工和貿(mào)易[J];江蘇商論;2008年10期

9 ;泉州灣宋代海船發(fā)掘簡(jiǎn)報(bào)[J];文物;1975年10期

10 楊瑾;;于闐與北宋王朝的乳香貿(mào)易及其影響[J];新疆師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2009年01期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 溫翠芳;唐代的外來(lái)香藥研究[D];陜西師范大學(xué);2006年

2 蘆敏;宋麗海上貿(mào)易研究[D];廈門大學(xué);2008年

，

本文編號(hào)：1812967