本文選題：明代 + 漕河夫役�。� 參考：《遼寧師范大學(xué)》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：漕河夫役按照其分工的不同分為不同的種類，主要有淺鋪夫、撈淺夫、閘夫、壩夫、溜夫、洪夫、泉夫、塘夫、湖夫幾種。漕河夫役不同的役種在空間分布上有很大的地域性。漕河夫役不僅是一個(gè)人群組織，也是一個(gè)制度概念，有其獨(dú)特的運(yùn)行機(jī)制。從來(lái)源上講，漕河夫役主要來(lái)源于運(yùn)河沿線的61州縣，夫役的承擔(dān)著主要是民戶以及部分衛(wèi)所軍戶，國(guó)家興舉大役時(shí)也會(huì)使用一些流民和囚犯充當(dāng)夫役。夫役的征調(diào)方式主要有三種，分別是徭夫、募夫、白夫。其中徭夫在明初最為常用，隨著國(guó)家賦役制度的改革，徭夫逐漸向募夫過(guò)渡，特別是一條鞭法實(shí)行后，，漕河夫役理論上完全由國(guó)家征銀募夫。漕河役夫人數(shù)眾多，其基層組織主要有三種類型，分別是老人負(fù)責(zé)制、總甲小甲負(fù)責(zé)制、閘官直接負(fù)責(zé)制。漕河的維護(hù)與治理是一項(xiàng)極辛苦的工作，工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，環(huán)境差，待遇低，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。夫役在辛苦工作之后，國(guó)家作為交換，首先會(huì)免除役夫的其它雜役，使其專事河道，同事給予相應(yīng)的工食銀及賞錢，有時(shí)也會(huì)在生活上給予路費(fèi)補(bǔ)貼及醫(yī)藥保障。 漕河夫役作為漕河治理與維護(hù)的主力軍，在保障漕河運(yùn)道暢通，穩(wěn)定國(guó)家政治經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序上起到了重要的作用。漕河的治理吸收了大批閑散剩余勞動(dòng)力，解決了很大一部分人的就業(yè)問(wèn)題，為沿河貧民、無(wú)業(yè)游民及災(zāi)民提供了一條謀生之道，既起到了以工代賑的作用，也有利于社會(huì)秩序的穩(wěn)定。漕河夫役從征調(diào)到應(yīng)役，中間經(jīng)過(guò)多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，在征調(diào)和管理的過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)了不少的問(wèn)題，主要有放富差貧，占役現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重、有違農(nóng)時(shí)影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)、役夫出逃等問(wèn)題。明朝中后期，沿河州縣受困于河役，百姓苦不堪言，影響了社會(huì)秩序的穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:Caohe Fu is divided into different types according to its division of labor, mainly shallow paving, fishing shallow, sluice, dam, walking, Hongfu, Quanfu, Tong Fu, Hu Fu several kinds. The spatial distribution of different serpent species in Caohe River is very regional. Caohe military service is not only a crowd organization, but also a system concept. From the source, the army service of Caohe mainly comes from 61 states and counties along the canal, the burden of husband service is mainly the civilian families and some of the guard families, and some displaced people and prisoners will be used as husband servitude when the state exuding the Great War. There are three main ways of conscription, namely, keeping taxes, recruiting, and white. In the early Ming Dynasty, tax service was the most commonly used. With the reform of the national tax service system, the tax service husband gradually transferred to the recruitment of husband, especially after the implementation of the "one whip law", Caohe Fu's service was completely collected by the state in theory. There are many caohe servists, and there are three main types of organizations in Caohe, which are the old man responsibility system, the general responsibility system and the direct responsibility system. Caohe maintenance and management is a very hard work, long working hours, poor environment, low treatment, high risk. After hard work, the state, as an exchange, will first of all exempt the servitude from other miscellaneous servitude, so that they can specialize in the river, and their colleagues will give the corresponding workers, food, silver and money, and sometimes they will give subsidies and medical protection in their daily lives. As the main force of Caohe River management and maintenance, Caohe military service plays an important role in ensuring the smooth passage of Caohe River and stabilizing the political and economic order of the country. The management of the Caohe River has absorbed a large number of idle and surplus labor forces, solved the employment problem of a large part of the population, and provided a way of livelihood for the poor, the unemployed and the victims along the river, which has played a role in providing relief for work. It is also conducive to the stability of social order. In the process of collection and management, there are many problems in the process of collecting and managing Caohe's husband's service, such as poor wealth, serious military service, affecting agricultural production when violating agriculture and escaping from labor and so on, among which many problems have appeared in the process of collection and management of Caohe's husband's servitude from conscription to service. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Yanhe County was trapped in river service, and the people suffered, which affected the stability of social order.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K248

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