本文選題：明清宮廷事務(wù) + 宦官��； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 宮廷事務(wù)管理機(jī)構(gòu)在君主專制主義中央集權(quán)的封建社會(huì)起著舉足輕重的作用,帝王之家的治理優(yōu)劣也隨著“家國(guó)一體”的理念上升到一個(gè)政治高度,講求內(nèi)外兼治,內(nèi)廷的服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)也就儼然一個(gè)小朝廷。本文涉及的明清宮廷事務(wù)管理,范圍限于明清宮廷之內(nèi),管理皇室宮廷內(nèi)的衣食住行等基本事務(wù),即著眼于他們的正統(tǒng)職掌——皇帝的家奴。 明朝尚未形成宮廷獨(dú)立運(yùn)作的完整機(jī)構(gòu),分由宦官機(jī)構(gòu)和女官機(jī)構(gòu)共同管理,共同為封建統(tǒng)治者及家族服務(wù)�；鹿贆C(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展由來(lái)已久,起于秦漢,亂于漢唐,在明朝得到完善并發(fā)展龐大。明朝宦官機(jī)構(gòu)職掌分工精細(xì),運(yùn)作機(jī)制完備,處理內(nèi)廷事務(wù)的主要是“二十四衙門”,又細(xì)加劃分為十二監(jiān)、四司、八局。銓選管理較為嚴(yán)格,而俸祿賞罰較為彈性。只是本職工作之外,不可避免的權(quán)力外擴(kuò),干預(yù)到宮廷事務(wù)邊緣的內(nèi)政或者經(jīng)濟(jì),但總體來(lái)說(shuō)明朝宦官機(jī)構(gòu)并非無(wú)限度的越權(quán)。女官機(jī)構(gòu)從設(shè)置之初到明朝形成完善的制度,也有兩千多年的歷史。明朝最完備的洪武一朝設(shè)有“六局一司”,職能各有專攻。銓選遵循嚴(yán)格的原則,俸祿品級(jí)較低。女官機(jī)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)出其獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn),在后宮之中也有不可忽視的作用�；鹿倥c女官基本呈現(xiàn)一種合作關(guān)系,涉及情感上的結(jié)合和職能上的合作,但至于說(shuō)女官機(jī)構(gòu)可以抑制宦禍還是言過(guò)其實(shí)了。 清朝的宦官,從機(jī)構(gòu)上而言,內(nèi)務(wù)府確立之前的十三衙門,算是正式的宦官機(jī)構(gòu),而清朝入關(guān)后正式設(shè)立內(nèi)務(wù)府,首次把服務(wù)后宮的人員系統(tǒng)組織起來(lái)統(tǒng)一管理,宦官作為一個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)不復(fù)存在;從權(quán)力上而言,清朝對(duì)于宦官的鉗制更加嚴(yán)格,權(quán)力進(jìn)一步內(nèi)縮,僅為奔走灑掃的役使之人。女官機(jī)構(gòu)在清朝嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)并沒(méi)有真正實(shí)行過(guò),作為一個(gè)組織不復(fù)存在,只是殘存零星的女官群體。事務(wù)大多由內(nèi)務(wù)府總管,只有簡(jiǎn)單的侍奉工作由最底層的女官——宮女擔(dān)任。其銓選原則有所變化,而俸祿品級(jí)仍是低等。清朝的內(nèi)務(wù)府作為第一個(gè)正式的宮廷事務(wù)管理機(jī)構(gòu),設(shè)有“七司三院”,卻已經(jīng)超出了宮廷事務(wù)的范圍。它可以說(shuō)是六部在內(nèi)廷的縮影,與外廷既有職能對(duì)應(yīng),又有合作關(guān)系;它還是清朝統(tǒng)治者的心腹,相互依賴,關(guān)系微妙。 明清宮廷事務(wù)管理機(jī)構(gòu)與前朝相比,既有發(fā)展變化又趨于完善,不僅對(duì)于研究明清政治與宮廷事務(wù)管理必不可少,而且分析總結(jié)這些歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)加強(qiáng)現(xiàn)在的制度建設(shè)也有一定的參考價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:The court affairs management agency played an important role in the feudal society of monarchy and centralism, and the governance of the imperial family also rose to a political height with the idea of "integrating the family and the country", emphasizing both internal and external governance. The service of the court is like a small court. The management of court affairs in Ming and Qing dynasties is limited to the basic affairs such as food, clothing, housing and transportation in the imperial court, that is, focusing on their orthodox duties-the emperor's family slaves. In the Ming Dynasty, the whole court operated independently, which was managed by the eunuchs and the female officials, and served the feudal rulers and the families together. The development of eunuch institutions has a long history, originated in the Qin and Han dynasties, chaos in the Han and Tang dynasties, in the Ming Dynasty to improve and develop huge. The eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty had a fine division of duties and a complete operating mechanism. It was mainly "24 Yamen" that handled the affairs of the inner court, which was further divided into 12 supervisors, four divisions and eight bureaus. Public election management is more stringent, and salaries more flexible pay and punishment. Except for their own work, the inevitable expansion of power, interference in the internal affairs or economy on the edge of court affairs, but generally speaking, the Ming Dynasty eunuchs were not unlimited ultra vires. From the beginning of establishment to the formation of a perfect system in the Ming Dynasty, female officials also have a history of more than two thousand years. Hongwu, the most complete of the Ming Dynasty, was equipped with "six councils and one Division", each specialized in its functions. The election of the Civil Service follows strict principles, and the rank of salaries is lower. The female official organization presents its unique characteristic, also has the function which cannot be ignored in the harem. Eunuchs and female officials basically present a cooperative relationship, involving emotional combination and functional cooperation. The eunuchs of the Qing Dynasty, from an institutional point of view, were the official eunuchs' organizations before the establishment of the House of Representatives. After the Qing Dynasty's entry into the Customs, the House Office was formally established, and for the first time, the personnel system of serving the palace was organized and managed in a unified manner. Eunuchs as an organization no longer exist; from the power point of view, the Qing Dynasty for eunuchs more stringent, the power to further shrink, only for the people who run and sweep. Strictly speaking, the female official organization did not really carry out in Qing Dynasty, as an organization no longer existed, but remained a sporadic group of female officials. Most of the affairs were handled by the householder, and only simple ministry work was performed by the lowest female officer, the palace lady. Its principle of election has changed, while the rank of salaries is still low. As the first official administrative organ of court affairs, the internal affairs office of Qing Dynasty had seven departments and three hospitals, but it was beyond the scope of court affairs. It can be said to be the epitome of the six parts in the inner court, corresponding to the functions of the external court and having a cooperative relationship; it is also the confidant of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, interdependent and delicate. Compared with the previous dynasties, the administrative organs of the court affairs in the Ming and Qing dynasties have both developed, changed and tended to be perfect, which is not only necessary for the study of the administration of the political and court affairs of the Ming and Qing dynasties. And the analysis and summary of these historical experiences to strengthen the current system has a certain reference value.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K248

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