發(fā)布時間：2018-04-12 11:05

  本文選題：清朝晚期 + 基督宗教��； 參考：《寧波大學》2013年碩士論文

【摘要】：鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以后，特別是道光二十年至同治十三年這一段歷史時期，是清朝基督宗教政策變化最為激烈的時期。這一段歷史時期，清朝在兩次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)敗，不得不與西方列強簽訂一系列不平等條約。其中，傳教是主要內容之一。 至于傳教，是指傳播基督宗教。道光二十年至道光二十四年，根據(jù)中外第一批不平等條約及道光皇帝的兩道上諭，，清朝的基督宗教政策由禁教政策演變?yōu)橛邢蕹诮陶�。所謂有限弛教政策，是指有限制地允許基督宗教在中國的傳播和發(fā)展的政策。清政府限制基督宗教的傳播和發(fā)展主要是采取抓捕進入內地的傳教士及打擊信教的中國人兩大方面的措施，以及由兩大措施延伸的其它措施。這些措施雖然沒能阻擋傳教士來華傳教及中國百姓的習教，卻阻止了基督宗教在中國的快速的傳播。有限弛教政策一直執(zhí)行到辛酉政變之前，即以慈禧、奕、桂良、文祥等為首的新的決策層上臺之前。 新的決策層上臺后，面臨著第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭失敗、太平天國運動高漲的復雜局面，為了維護統(tǒng)治，不得不采取羈縻西方列強的措施。因而，同治朝實行了寬容傳教政策。這是一種更加容忍基督宗教在中國傳播和發(fā)展的政策。同治朝清政府寬容基督宗教傳播和發(fā)展的政策主要體現(xiàn)在對教案的處理方面。同治朝清政府在辦理教案時，往往以息事寧人的態(tài)度，采取袒教抑民的措施，致使教會與教民行為越來越專橫，非教民感到越來越憤慨，雙方矛盾不斷加大，最終演變?yōu)橐淮斡忠淮蔚拇蚪贪讣�，并且惡性循環(huán)。同治朝的寬容傳教政策，雖然沒有使國內安定，但是它有利于保持對外的和平關系。同治一朝沒有因教案發(fā)生大的中外戰(zhàn)爭，即是其最好的證明。另外，就同治一朝的寬容傳教政策本身而言，也是在不斷地變化的，總的趨勢是：清政府對于基督宗教在華傳播和發(fā)展的態(tài)度越來越寬容。與此點相映，同治朝的寬容傳教政策的特點是消極的、無作為的。至于這種消極的無作為的狀況，則一直要持續(xù)到《辛丑條約》簽訂以后才有較大的改觀。
[Abstract]:After the Opium War, especially the historical period from 20 years to 13 years of Tongzhi, it was the most drastic period of the change of Christian religious policy in Qing Dynasty.During this historical period, the Qing Dynasty was defeated in two Opium Wars and had to sign a series of unequal treaties with Western powers.Among them, preaching is one of the main contents.As for preaching, it refers to the spread of Christian religion.From 20 years to 24 years, according to the first batch of unequal treaties between China and foreign countries and the two oracles of the Emperor Daoguang, the Christian religious policy of Qing Dynasty changed from the policy of banning religion to the policy of limited relaxation of religion.The so-called policy of limited relaxation refers to the policy of allowing the spread and development of Christian religion in China.The Qing government restricted the spread and development of Christian religion mainly by arresting missionaries entering the mainland and cracking down on religious Chinese, as well as other measures extended by the two measures.Although these measures did not stop missionaries from preaching in China and the Chinese people, they prevented the rapid spread of Christian religion in China.The policy of limited relaxation was carried out until the Xin you coup, that is, before Cixi, Yi, Gui Liang, Wen Xiang and other new decision makers came to power.After the new decision-makers came to power, they were faced with the defeat of the second Opium War and the complicated situation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement.Therefore, Tongzhi Dynasty carried out a policy of tolerance and missionary.This is a policy of greater tolerance for the spread and development of Christian religion in China.The policy of tolerating the spread and development of Christian religion in Tongzhi Qing Dynasty was mainly embodied in the handling of teaching plans.In handling the teaching plan, the Tongzhi Qing government often took the measure of favouring the religious and restraining the people with an attitude of peace and tranquillity. As a result, the church and the religious people acted more and more arbitrarily, and the non-religious people felt more and more indignant, and the contradictions between the two sides continued to grow.Eventually, it turns out to be a cycle of teaching case after lesson, and a vicious circle.The tolerant missionary policy of Tongzhi Dynasty did not make domestic stability, but it was conducive to maintaining peaceful relations with foreign countries.Tongzhi was the best proof that there was no great war between China and foreign countries because of the teaching plan.In addition, the policy of tolerance and missionary in Tongzhi period itself is also constantly changing. The general trend is that the attitude of the Qing government towards the spread and development of Christian religion in China is becoming more and more tolerant.In line with this, the tolerant missionary policy of ruling the same dynasty was characterized by negativity and inaction.As for the negative situation of inaction, it will last until after the signing of the Treaty of Xin Chou.
【學位授予單位】：寧波大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K249

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前4條

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本文編號：1739468