本文選題：明代　切入點：河南　出處：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：中國自古以來就是一個災(zāi)荒頻發(fā)的國家,災(zāi)荒問題是中國歷朝歷代都十分關(guān)注的一個嚴(yán)重社會問題。面對災(zāi)荒,歷朝政府都會想盡辦法盡可能的去實施救助,以圖最大限度的降低災(zāi)荒帶來的損害與破壞。明朝是我國封建社會的一個重要歷史時期,河南地區(qū)由于其特殊的地理位置,在有明一代河南遭受災(zāi)荒侵襲不斷,給豫省百姓的生產(chǎn)生活造成了巨大的困難。災(zāi)荒發(fā)生后,國家的荒政制度如何幫助河南救災(zāi)備荒成為一個關(guān)注的重點。盡管隨著時間的推移,明朝政府在河南救荒上越發(fā)顯得力不從心,但是萬歷中期那次河南成功的救荒,也讓我們看到了明代荒政制度的發(fā)達(dá)。隨著明朝整個國家政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的崩潰,依附在它們之下的河南荒政制度也隨之破產(chǎn),并一同伴隨著王朝的覆滅而消失,但是明朝在河南地區(qū)的荒政制度還是有很多借鑒意義的,研究這段災(zāi)荒史有其必要的歷史價值和現(xiàn)實意義。 首先,對明代河南的災(zāi)荒概況做介紹,對各類災(zāi)荒的發(fā)生時間、具體時節(jié)、發(fā)生次數(shù)以及發(fā)生地域進(jìn)行分類統(tǒng)計,編輯制作明代河南災(zāi)荒志,作為全文的數(shù)據(jù)來源與統(tǒng)計依據(jù)。通過對數(shù)據(jù)的分析整理,大致勾勒出明代河南水災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)、蟲災(zāi)以及饑荒這四大主要災(zāi)害的分布情況與特征,直接明確的了解明代河南的受災(zāi)情況。 其次,明代河南的荒政制度在面對災(zāi)荒時從行政體制上,明朝確定了中央與地方二級救荒管理機(jī)構(gòu),具體到河南災(zāi)荒救助程序上,依據(jù)當(dāng)時的報災(zāi)勘災(zāi)制度規(guī)定,在河南發(fā)生災(zāi)荒后首先由地方政府將災(zāi)情逐級上報至中央,待中央復(fù)查災(zāi)情后決定具體的救助措施,下發(fā)地方執(zhí)行。這些具體措施包含了蠲免賦役、賑濟(jì)施粥災(zāi)民、調(diào)粟平糶、安輯流民盜匪、養(yǎng)恤等多個方面,通過這一系列完整的救助措施,以求最大限度的降低災(zāi)荒給河南百姓造成的損失。在救荒的同時,政府還注重備荒,通過預(yù)備倉這一明代主要的倉儲制度以及農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲的防治兩大方面介紹了明代河南的備荒手段,形成了一系列救荒、備荒的完善體系。 第三,以萬歷二十一年的河南大水為歷史背景,分析明代河南成功救荒所需要具備的各種條件與取得的最終實際效果。透過記錄當(dāng)時救荒全程和救荒措施的《賑豫紀(jì)略》一書,研究鐘化民在主持賑濟(jì)河南時如何運用當(dāng)時的各項荒政措施來實現(xiàn)成功救荒,分析總結(jié)其個人乃至當(dāng)時明代社會精英所蘊含著的救荒思想。 最后,對河南整個荒政制度的運行簡要評價,總結(jié)荒政制度的有點及其歷史作用,更為重要的是找出其所存在的局限與不足之處,正是這些不足,限制并影響了河南的救荒行為,在整個國家政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)制度衰落的大環(huán)境下,河南荒政制度的衰落也是在所難免的。
[Abstract]:China has been a country with frequent famine since ancient times.In the face of famine, the government will do everything possible to implement relief, in order to minimize the damage and damage caused by famine.Ming Dynasty was an important historical period of feudal society in our country. Due to its special geographical position, Henan suffered from famine in Ming Dynasty, which caused great difficulties to the production and life of people in Henan Province.After the famine occurred, how the national famine system to help Henan disaster relief and famine has become a focus of attention.Although with the passage of time, the Ming Dynasty government in Henan relief more and more appear to be unable to do, but in the middle of Wanli Henan successful relief, but also let us see the development of the Ming Dynasty famine system.With the collapse of the political and economic systems of the whole state of the Ming Dynasty, the famine regime of Henan, which was attached to them, also went bankrupt and disappeared with the fall of the dynasty.However, the famine system of Ming Dynasty in Henan area still has a lot of reference significance, the study of this famine history has its necessary historical value and practical significance.First of all, the general situation of Henan famine in Ming Dynasty is introduced. The occurrence time, specific time, occurrence frequency and occurrence region of all kinds of famine are classified and counted, and the records of Henan famine in Ming Dynasty are edited and made as the data source and statistical basis of the full text.Through the analysis and collation of the data, the distribution and characteristics of the four major disasters of the Ming Dynasty, such as flood, drought, insect pest and famine, are outlined, and the disaster situation of Henan in Ming Dynasty is directly and clearly understood.Secondly, in the face of famine in the Ming Dynasty, the famine administration system in Henan Province, from the administrative system, determined the central and local second-level famine relief management agencies, specifically in Henan's famine relief procedures, according to the provisions of the disaster reporting and prospecting system at that time.After the famine occurred in Henan, the local government reported the disaster situation to the central authorities, and decided on the specific relief measures after the central authorities review the disaster situation, and issued the local implementation.These concrete measures include exemption from duty, relief to the victims of porridge, levelling of grain grain, collection of displaced bandits, pension, and so on, in order to minimize the losses caused by the famine to the people of Henan Province through this series of complete relief measures.At the same time, the government also pays attention to the preparation of famine, through the preparation of warehouse, the main storage system of Ming Dynasty and the prevention and control of agricultural pests, the paper introduces the methods of preparing famine in Henan in Ming Dynasty, and forms a series of perfect system of saving famine and preparing for famine.Thirdly, taking the great flood of Henan Province in 21 years of Wanli as the historical background, this paper analyzes the various conditions and the final practical results of the successful relief of famine in Henan in Ming Dynasty.By documenting the whole process of relief and the relief measures at that time, the book "Relief and Rescue period", this paper studies how Zhong Huamin made use of all kinds of famine policy measures at that time to realize the successful relief of famine when he presided over the relief work in Henan.Analyze and summarize his personal and even the Ming Dynasty social elite contained in the idea of famine relief.Finally, a brief evaluation of the operation of the whole system of famine administration in Henan Province, a summary of the system of famine administration and its historical role, and, more importantly, finding out its limitations and deficiencies, which are just these shortcomings, are given.It limits and affects the relief behavior of Henan Province. Under the circumstances of the decline of the whole national political and economic system, the decline of Henan famine system is inevitable.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K248;X43

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