本文關(guān)鍵詞： 鋪戶 鋪戶問題 坊郭戶 城市空間 城市稅收 交引鋪戶　出處：《華東師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：本文選取宋代城市鋪戶作為研究的切入點(diǎn),將視野投向唐宋社會經(jīng)濟(jì)變遷的歷史環(huán)境之中,并以此作為時(shí)代背景之依托,希圖能從對城市鋪戶有關(guān)問題的探討中去尋覓唐宋歷史之“變”的氣息。 宋代鋪戶與古典市制下的市肆坐賈有很大的淵源,但是它卻已經(jīng)與其有很大的不同。坊市格局消亡,店鋪的開設(shè)遍及街市坊巷；夜市出現(xiàn),從早到晚都有店鋪開門營業(yè)；市署取消；市籍制終結(jié)。在如此的城市變革中,傳統(tǒng)市制下的市肆坐賈已經(jīng)演變?yōu)殚_放市場下的鋪戶。自宋代始,中國古代坐賈的發(fā)展進(jìn)入了鋪戶時(shí)期。宋代的鋪戶,主要指在府、州、縣的郭城之中有固定店鋪的坐賈。除此,一些草市、鎮(zhèn)市之中也存在著一定數(shù)量的鋪戶。自唐入宋,城市工商業(yè)人口的比重加大,市場在時(shí)間和空間上呈現(xiàn)出前所未有的開放性,與此同時(shí),伴隨著城市與商業(yè)的發(fā)展,城市稅收勃興,這些都促使國家尋求新的城市人口管理方式。坊郭戶等制應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。自此,宋代的鋪戶不再具有先前市籍所賦予市肆坐賈卑賤色彩的身份,而是取得了與其他城市階層同等的坊郭戶身份。 唐宋時(shí)期是中國古代商品經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要時(shí)期。商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展引發(fā)了唐宋社會經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的變革,使之呈現(xiàn)出與往昔不同的諸多特色。我們將鋪戶之一系列問題放在如此之歷史背景下鋪展開來,更賦予了問題研究的意義性。本文以宋代作為主要研究時(shí)段,將具體的歷史研究對象放到宏大的歷史變遷中考察,希圖實(shí)現(xiàn)歷史研究從微觀到宏觀的把握。其總括六個(gè)部分。緒論部分主要包括選題緣起及研究現(xiàn)狀的綜述。第一章至第四章是本文主干部分。第一章為市肆坐賈到鋪戶的身份轉(zhuǎn)變。從市籍戶到坊郭戶,唐宋時(shí)期,城市坐賈身份的轉(zhuǎn)變,與商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展所催生的城市革命的興起密切相關(guān)。其身份轉(zhuǎn)變的客觀原因是唐宋城市市場空間的擴(kuò)張,主觀原因是唐宋商賈社會地位的提高,制度原因是城市稅收體制的發(fā)展。第二章為鋪戶所依托的城市空間的變遷。自中唐以降,城市中傳統(tǒng)而封閉的坊市格局日漸松動,鋪戶之經(jīng)營所依托的城市空間發(fā)生變化,“街”逐漸成為市場的重要依托。在城市空間的變化過程中,坊市的瓦解與街市的形成是逆向同時(shí)演進(jìn)的。其中重點(diǎn)討論了坊市制解體的原因和影響、坊市制解體過程中城市空間的變化,以及街市形成的原因和影響、街市形成過程中城市空間的變化。第三章主要討論宋代鋪戶之城郭之賦、科配、行役等問題。唐宋時(shí)期,城郭之賦的出現(xiàn)表明了不動產(chǎn)稅的勃興。鋪戶之城郭住宅、店鋪依據(jù)面積、質(zhì)量需要交納房屋稅,如果鋪戶賃地、占地經(jīng)營店鋪則需要交納地基稅。此問題中主要論及宅稅的興起及情況、地稅的興起及情況。在鋪戶與科配問題中,主要討論了宋代免役法實(shí)施前后之城郭科配的情況。而鋪戶與行役問題中則主要討論的是入行鋪戶之“當(dāng)行”問題,以政府科買為主,另還涉及到免行錢問題的討論。第四章為宋代的交引鋪戶。交引鋪戶,因其所經(jīng)營商品的特殊性,是宋代特殊類型的鋪戶。它的出現(xiàn)與宋代入中制度密切相關(guān)。入中制度,即是國家將部分鹽茶等專賣商品之利潤讓渡與商賈,從而借助商賈之參與以解決邊地軍需問題。國家通過發(fā)放交引為兌換中介,將鹽茶等引進(jìn)入中制度,在一定程度上亦是為促進(jìn)鹽茶等進(jìn)入流通領(lǐng)域。而交引的發(fā)行又使得交引鋪戶與鹽茶間接專賣制度緊密相聯(lián)。本章主要討論交引鋪戶的肇興和設(shè)置情況、交引鋪戶的經(jīng)營及其影響。最后結(jié)論部分闡釋了何為“鋪戶問題”,宋至明清之“鋪戶問題”既一脈相承,又發(fā)展變化。由此從一個(gè)大的歷史跨度中將會把握到怎樣的歷史脈絡(luò),這當(dāng)是很有意義的研究過程。 我們所探討的宋代鋪戶之有關(guān)問題,涵蓋了唐宋時(shí)期社會經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中諸多值得關(guān)注的變化,如城鄉(xiāng)分野；社會階層的流動與商賈社會地位的提高；國家戶籍制度的變革；城市市場空間的變換；城市市場管理模式的轉(zhuǎn)換；國家稅役體制的變遷；國家新型經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行模式的確立等。而這些社會經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域中的變化將從對鋪戶一系列問題的討論的展開中得以反映。
[Abstract]:This paper selects the Song Dynasty City puhu as the breakthrough point, will view on the history of Tang and Song society economic environment, and as relying on background, as from the discussion on the relevant problems of the city puhu in search of the history of the Tang and Song Dynasties "change" in the air.
The Song Dynasty and the classical city shop shop sit Jia are a great source, but it has its very different. Fang City pattern die shop opened throughout the downtown square lane; night market, shops are open from morning till night; the Department to cancel the membership system; end. In such a city change the traditional city, under the city four sit Jia has evolved into the open market puhu. Since Song Dynasty, the development of ancient China into sit Jia puhu period. The Song Dynasty puhu, mainly refers to the government, state, county Guo Cheng have regular sit Jia shop. In addition, some towns are towns the presence of a certain number of puhu. From Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty, city of industry and commerce the proportion of the population increase, the market is open, hitherto unknown in time and space at the same time, along with the development of city and commerce, city tax rise, these countries have prompted Seeking new ways of city population management. The Fangguo Hu system came into being. Since then, the Song Dynasty puhu no longer has previously granted membership store sit Jia humble color identity, but achieved equally with other city class Fangguo Hu identity.
Tang and Song Dynasties is an important period of China ancient commodity economy development. The development of the commodity economy in the Tang and Song Dynasties led to changes in the economic field, which presents many different characteristics with the past. We will put in one of the series of problems in the shop so under the historical background of spreads, meaning gives more research. Using the Song Dynasty as the main study period, the specific research object in the study history of grand historical changes, to realize the historical research from micro to macro grasp. The sum of six parts. The introduction part mainly includes the review of the origin and status quo of the research topics. The first chapter to the fourth chapter is the main part of this paper. The first chapter as the shop shop to sit Jia. From the city by household to Guo Fang, Tang and Song Dynasties, change the city sit Jia identity, inspired by the rapid development of commodity economy and the leather city The rise of life are closely related. The objective cause of the transformation of identity is the Tang and Song Dynasties city market space expansion, the subjective reason is the improvement of social status in Tang and Song Dynasty merchants, the institutional factor is the development of city tax system. The second chapter is the change of operators on City space. Since the Tang Dynasty, the traditional city and close to city square the pattern of increasingly loose, relying on the management of city puhu space changes, "street" has gradually become an important basis for market. Changes in the city, the formation of collapse and the market square city. At the same time reverse evolution which focused on the causes and effects of the disintegration of the workshop system, change the disintegration of City workshop system the space in the process, and the reason of market formation and the impact of changes in the process of the formation of city market space. The third chapter mainly discusses the Song Dynasty City puhu Guo Zhifu, Kepei, military and other issues. The Tang Dynasty In Song Dynasty, there Zhifu that Guo City real estate tax rise. The city puhu residential, shops on the basis of quality area, the need to pay property tax, if the shop rent, covers an area of shops would need to pay tax. And the rise of foundation mainly deals with this problem in the house tax, and the tax rise. In the shop, and distribution problems, mainly discusses the Song Dynasty a method before and after the implementation of the city of Guo. Operators and the forced problem is mainly discussed is the * * * puhu "when the problem, the government department to buy, also involves a discussion of free money problems. The fourth chapter is song Jiao Yin Jiao Yin shop. The shop operators, because of the special nature of the commodity, is a special type of Song Dynasty puhu. Its appearance is closely related with the Song Dynasty into the system. In the system, which is the national profit portion of the salt tea monopoly of goods transferring and merchants, from And with the help of merchants in side to solve the problem. Through the issuance of National Military Cross cited for the exchange of intermediary, the salt into the tea in the system, to a certain extent, is also to promote salt tea into circulation. And the issue of the Jiao Yin Jiao Yin shop and tea salt monopoly system indirect closely. This chapter mainly discusses the Zhao Jiao Yin puhu Xinghe settings, operation and its influence. Finally, the conclusion part cited puhu explains what the "shop", song to the Qing "shop" is the same strain, development and change. The history from a large span of history will be how to grasp this is when the study is very meaningful.
The problem of the Song Dynasty puhu we explore, covering many noteworthy changes in social economic field in the Tang and Song Dynasties, such as urban and rural division; flow of social class and merchants raise the social status of the national household registration system; reform; city market space transformation; transformation management model of city tax service system changes; a new pattern of economic operation; the establishment of the country. And the change of social economy in the field will be discussed according to a series of problems on the shop expansion are reflected.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K244;F299.29

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